Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, L.I.T. Premises, Nagpur-440 033 (M.S.) India

Tel. (Off.) : +91-712 - 2552080 Fax : +91-712 - 2560620 Mobile : 09420248178

E-Mail : director.rgbc@gmail.com Website: www.rgbc.org.in

Team Visit of Faculty members of Syracuse, NY (USA) & Dean- Chief International Officer, Cayuga College, Auburn, NY (USA) to the Centre

Hon’ble Vice Chancellor of RTMNU, Nagpur , Dr. V.C. Sapkal, during his interactive visit to the Centre

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About Us

DBT - RGBC Support Programme (M. Sc. Biotechnology)

The Inception

The establishment of Rajiv Gandhi Biotechnology Centre proved to be the much-needed shot-in-the arm to the research and development activities in the field of microbial biotechnology in Vidarbha. This centre, established in 1995, conducts mission-oriented research work with well-defined mandate for the use of proven bio-tech product/ process development and transfer of technology with regard to probiotics, biofertilizers and biopesticides to the tribal, rural and semi-urban areas in Vidarbha for use in agriculture, health and environmental protection. Vernacular language and local dialects are routinely used to ensure effective communication, also striking a rapport with the sons of the soil. The Centre's efforts towards an indigenous, low cost, eco-friendly lab-to-land transfer of technology especially implemented in Vidarbha for Socio-economic upliftment have been appreciated remarkably by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) and University Grants Commission (UGC).

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Centre Management Council (CMC)

• Vision of the Centre

• Policy, Planning and Execution

• R & D Programme

• Organization, Management and Administration

• Preservation & Maintenance of Eco-Friendly Germplasm

• Education, Training, Extension and Publication

• Consultancy Services

• Manufacture and Production Technology

• Transfer of Technology (from Lab to Land)

• Quality Control and Evaluation

• Placement Pool

Objectives:

•  

• To promote state-of-the-art of biotechnology research for the benefit of the public in the region, making higher education socially relevant & economically viable so that the technology percolates in the villages and also helps the growth of small scale cottage industries
   

• To discover new biological traits and to create a national and global range of sustainable perspective with major impact on health, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food and the environment
   

• To develop trained human resources in biotechnology with special emphasis on Food & Fermentation Biotechnology, Environmental Biotechnology & Molecular Biotechnology
   

• To generate the basic knowledge required to resolve practical socio-economic oriented issues encountered by the society in various sectors
   

• To build modest infrastructure for developing innovative trends in biotechnology such as transgenic crop plants, probiotic foods, farm animals and gene therapy etc. that would fetch huge benefits to mankind
   

• To upgrade & develop the modest infrastructure for marketing and consultancy oriented R&D, teaching programme as well as extension services
   

• To balance the horizontal expansion of higher education with vertical excellence
   

• To develop the scientific & technical expertise so as to accelerate the national economic growth
   

• To create public awareness for the new conceptualization of biotechnologies, promoting communication and collaboration in varied biotechnological sectors

Academic Accomplishments

• Deposition of local germplasm at National Rhizobium Culture Bank

• Innovative R & D patents granted through DBT, Min. of Sci. & Tech., Govt. of India, New Delhi (Patent Nos.221967 & 231041)

• Over 40 efficient isolates of 'N' fixers, 'P' solubilizers, antagonists and biopesticidal germplasm have been isolated, identified and lyophilized

• R&D Projects funded by NGO, ICAR, DNES, DBT, UGC etc.

• The centre has generated self-assisted revenue through its various services

• Self employment sources in the tribal, rural and semi-urban belts through proper adoption of concept of cottage industry at various receptive terminals

• Designing and development of indigenous fermentation technology

• Transfer of eco-friendly and socio-economically viable technology with its adoption at rural and remote tribal areas

• Extending training facilities to scientists, research scholars, Govt. officers, cultivators, entrepreneurs and common masses with a view to build up human resources for transfer of technology and its implementation at root levels

• Bringing out relevant scientific documentation, brochures, leaflets and monograms in local languages for the benefit of common masses, as a part of extension activities

• Recognition and appreciation received from several Eminent Scientists from esteemed organizations of our country and abroad, advisors, UGC & NAAC Chairmen, experts, top dignitaries, social workers & cultivators

• Guest Lectures by Internationally renowned experts; seminars, group discussions and field demonstrations for the students as well as for the masses in the tribal and backward regions of Vidharbha

Activity Highlights

The centre has successfully organized Global Sustainable - 2nd Biotech Congress in Nagpur from 18th to 21st December 2006. One of the unique features of the conference was the organization of ‘Lab-to-land’ parallel technical sessions at tribal & remote villages of five Distt. Of Vidharbha region, in which more than 20,000 villagers have participated and benefitted. The theme was “Role of Sustainable Biotechnology” involving 62 invited speakers including Chairmen  & Co-ordinators.

The technical sessions of the Conference dealt with 15 status papers on frontline areas of Biotechnology from the esteemed scientists representing countries like USA, Australia, Romania, Belgium, Mexico & Czech Republic etc. More than 1500 delegates and invitees from 120 renowned R&D organizations & educational institutions participated. About 200 research papers through Poster sessions were presented on varied Biotechnological applications. On the whole, the congress was hailed by everyone as a memorable and fulfilling academic aspirations & activity by the centre.

The major thrust areas of biotechnology research were:

• Recombinant DNA technology and its implications

• Molecular pharmacology; genome mapping & gene therapy

• Plant tissue culture and biotechnology

• Synthetic and transgenic edible vaccines

• Immunology, toxicology, and animal biotechnology

• Sustainable management of waste land/ barren land, crop productivity and aquaculture

• Conservation of biodiversity and genetic resources

• Environmental pollution monitoring and control

Several Inputs and recommendations which emerged out of this liberal open discussion including those during technical parallel session “Lab-to-land “at villages, proved this congress to be one of the most vigorous brainstorming biotech sessions.

The four day long extensive deliberations among the scientists, the interface between the scientists and village farmers both men and women, and the follow-up panel discussion with vigorous participation of both under- graduate and post –graduate students on the last day of the congress, threw up several important and cogent recommendations. Some of these recommendations are being forwarded for the consideration and implementations by the developing and developed countries of the world.

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The labs are designed in such a manner that students & scientists conducting various experiments can converge for the use of instruments like Digital Spectrophotometers, Fermentors, Bio-Reactor, Digital Colorimeters, Lyophilizer, Binocular Research Microscope with photographic attachment, Trinocular Microscope With Video Projection, Computer with accessories, Cooling centrifuges, Seed Germinator, Microtome, Deep freezers, Incubators, Shakers, Flame Photometer, Horizontal Laminar Flow, DO Meter, Deioniser, Transilluminators, Recording Spectroflurometer with Scanner- SL 174, Double distillation unit, Zone Reader, Electronic balances, pH Meters, BOD incubators, Electrophoresis unit, Autoanalyser, PCR system, CO2 incubator with T/C sensor, High speed microcentrifuge, Digital Spectrophotometers, Turbidity Meter, Conductivity Meter, Potentiometer, Gel Documentation system, Anaerobic Jar System, DNA Sequencer with accessories, Gel Dryer, Plant Growth Chamber, Microwave oven, digital photocolorimeter, chromatography chamber, etc. The labs receive electric supply through distinct terminals via specially installed 100 KVA Transformer & 65KVA access of generator.

Hostel Facilities

The University has nine hostels in all, of which three are exclusively for girls. Two hostels are located in the University campus, two at the LIT campus, one at the Law College premises and the rest at North Ambazari Road, about three km from the main University campus. The hostel charges are moderate. One of the hostels, named after Dr. Nelson Mandela is for international students. Various recreational facilities like colour TV, indoor and outdoor games, film projectors and amenities like telephones, vacuum cleaners & solar energy generated geysers are available at the hostels.

Teaching Strategy

The course is envisaged to cater to the needs of the food industry, pharmaceutical industry, molecular biology and also environment-friendly applications of the biotechnology particularly in the National & International institutions/ organizations, universities & private sectors etc. It is a constant endeavor of the centre to try and place the students under internship in reputed research and corporate organizations. The information of study circle of M.Sc. & Ph.D. students reflects on new ideas and technologies sharing latest information on emerging trends, events and personalities who are involved in research, designing and working on technologies.

The M.Sc. Biotechnology Course related to "Fermentation Biotechnology, Environmental/ Industrial Biotechnology, Plant & Health Molecular Biology" is based on semester pattern, with incorporated project work where the students work for project thesis with prior permission at the CICR, NBSS & LUP, NRCC, NEERI, IARI, BARC, WCL, Food & Pharmaceutical Industries, Mines and other National & Local Institutions.

The M.Sc. Course is of two years and it follows the semester system. The standard core curriculum as formulated by DBT and UGC from time to time is being adopted by the Rajiv Gandhi Biotechnology Centre for running the Biotechnology teaching programme.

Teaching Programme

The course is divided into four semesters. Up to three semesters, there are two theory papers; first three semesters carry one practical each. Whereas fourth semester is comprised of accredited assigned seminars with project research work/ dissertation. The revised syllabi include Cell Biology, Genetics, Enzymology; Macromolecules and Biophysical techniques; Microbial physiology, Industrial Biotechnology & Biostatistics; Molecular Biology, Immunology & Bioinformatics; Animal & Plant Biotechnology; Genetic Engineering as theory papers. The practical’s are related to the above aspects up to three semesters. The accredited assignment and seminar is based on the Environmental Biotechnology and Legal based applications along with a project research work/ dissertation during the fourth semester. Each theory paper is divided into five units and all the units carry equal weightage. All theory papers and practical’s are compulsory. Each theory paper carries 75 marks, whereas each practical carries 100 marks. Total 200 marks are allotted to the project work & 50 marks to the accredited assignment & seminar i.e. to be carried out during the fourth semester. The project work as well as accredited assignment & seminar is compulsory. The accredited assignment & seminar is to be evaluated internally.

The syllabus is based on 18 theory periods and 16 practical periods per week. Candidates are required to pass separately in theory and practical examinations.

Study tour: Students of M.Sc. Biotechnology are encouraged to visit some research institutes of national and international repute during the two-year course.

Seminars: Every student has to give at least one seminar every year and submit a written summary of the same.

Summer Training Programme: Every student has to undergo the summer/ winter training programme in Biotechnology Industry/R & D Institutions for at least 2 weeks during the vacations. Financial assistance will be provided under DBT-RGVBC support programme.

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Eligibility & Placement

Eligibility for M.Sc. Degree Biotechnology Course Programme

The two year degree programme leading to M.Sc. (Biotechnology) is being offered from the academic year 2004. B.Sc. graduates with Biotechnology/ Microbiology/ Chemistry/ Biochemistry/ Botany/ Life Sciences are eligible. Intake strength in each academic session will be 10 students. Students' selection is made through an All India combined Entrance Examination presently conducted by Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. The University will keep provision for reservation of seats for different categories of students in accordance with the rules stipulated by the Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India.

Monthly fellowship (studentship) of Rs. 1200/- per month & Rs. 50,000/- for dissertation/ project research work shall be awarded to each student enrolled under the DBT-RGVBC support programme.

Placement Coordination

Excellent employment prospects for Biotechnology students lie in the field of Pharmaceutical, Food, Agro-based Industries & Environmental Management Organizations. Further, excellent employment and research opportunities exist in the renowned R & D Institutes worldwide, and in Industrial establishments. In future, the focused thrust areas like molecular farming & health biology, stem cell research, bioinformatics & genomics are expected to grow exponentially. Moreover, self-generating sources will be encouraged for the development of entrepreneurship under biotechnology sector.

A placement cell has been established at Rajiv Gandhi Biotechnology Centre for organising and guiding placement of students passing out of the programme. The placement cell functions under the supervision of faculty members of the centre.

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SYLLABI CONTENT for M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Based on DBT-UGC Model Curriculum Effective from 2008-09 onwards

The syllabus is divided into four semesters. In the first three semester there are two theory papers. The first three semesters carry one practical each. A project work is required to be completed in the fourth semester. Apart from the project, the student also have to complete an accredited written assignment and a seminar in the fourth semester. Each theory paper is divided into five units and all the units carry equal weightage. All papers and practicals are compulsory. Each theory paper carries 75 marks. Each practical carries 100 marks. 200 marks are allotted to a project work to be carried out during the fourth semester. The project is compulsory. 50 marks are allotted to the accredited written assignment and seminar taken together.

• Number of theory and practical periods : The syllabus is based on 18 theory periods and 16 practical periods per week. Candidates are required to pass separately in theory and practical examination.

• Study tour: Students of M. Sc. Biotechnology are encouraged to visit some research institutes of national and international repute during the two-year course.

• Seminars: In addition to the accredited assignment and seminar in the 4th semester every student has to give at least one seminar every year and submit a written summary of the same.

• Project work : In the fourth semester, 200 marks are allotted to a dissertation/ project work. The project is compulsory.

• Accredited written assignment and seminar: In the fourth semester, 50 marks are allotted to an accredited written assignment and seminar on environmental biotechnology and legal based applications. The assignment and seminar are compulsory and are to be evaluated internally.

• Distribution of theory/practical/project marks:

M. Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester I
Paper – I

Cell biology, genetics, and enzymology

Unit I
Cell Structure, Cycle, Signalling

• Structure and function of cell organelles:

• Plasma membrane: transport of nutrients, ions and macromolecules.

• Cell walls: Archae, Bacteria, plant cells.

• Mitochondria: Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation.

• Chloroplasts: Chlorophyll, carotenoids and photosynthesis.

• Golgi complex: Endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, peroxisomes (functions).

• Cell cycle: Molecular events and model systems of S. cerevisiae.

• Cell signalling: Signal transduction in animal and plant cells (tyrosine kinase, light induced signalling)

Unit II
Replication, Mutations and Repair

• DNA Replication: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA replication, mechanisms of DNA replication, fidelity of replication, enzymes and accessory proteins involved in DNA replication.

• Gene mutations: Types of mutations. Suppression. Ames’ test.

• DNA Repair: Direct repair, Ada protein, NER, BER, MMR, SOS repair, Transcription-repair coupling, repair of double-strand breaks.

Unit III
Transcription, Modifications of RNA, and Protein biosynthesis

• Prokaryotic Transcription: RNA Polymerase holoenzyme and apoenzyme, different sigma factors, details of initiation, elongation, termination. Transcription regulation (lac operon, ara operon, trp operon, negative autogenous control).

• Eukaryotic Transcription: Three types of RNA polymerases. Promoter of RNA polymerase II. Enhancers. General and inducible transcription factors. Britten-Davidson model. DNA binding and activation domains of transcription factors. Packaging of chromosomes and its relation to transcription regulation.

• Modifications of RNA: 5’ cap formation, polyadenylation, splicing of nuclear pre-mRNA, mRNA stability. Regulation of translation by 3’ and 5’ UTR motifs.

• Genetic code: characteristics, deciphering the code.

• Protein biosynthesis: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation, the translational machinery, mechanism of initiation, elongation and termination.

Unit IV

• Genes: Molecular structure of prokaryote and eukaryote genes.

• Bacterial genetic system: recombination (transformation, conjugation, transduction and transposition) Plasmids, salient features of the E. coli genetic map.

• Extrachromosomal inheritance: Maternal effects, Cytoplasmic inheritance (chloroplast and mitochondrial determined heredity and infective heredity).

Unit V
Basic Enzymology

• Basics: Enzyme nomenclature, classification and specificity. Concept of coenzymes.

• Mechanism of enzyme action: Models, catalysis by proximity effect, acid-base catalysis, electrostatic interaction, metal ion catalysis, nucleophilic and electrophilic catalysis,

• Basic aspects of enzyme kinetics: Michaelis-Menten equation (derivation, significance and transformation). Two substrate kinetics. Modifying factors of enzyme kinetics, enzyme inhibition and types of inhibitors.

• Concept of multienzyme complexes: fatty acid synthase and dehydrogenase complexes.

• Concept of enzyme regulation: Allosteric (example ATCase), chemical modification and calmodulin mediated regulation.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester I
Paper – II

Macromolecules and biophysical techniques

Unit – I

Chemistry of Biomolecules- I

• Chemistry of Carbohydrates : Energy storage molecules – starch, glycogen. Building blocks – cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin. Cell surface molecules – glycolipids, proteoglycans, etc.

• Chemistry of lipids : Triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, sterols, terpenes, lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL, HDL, IDL). Lipid micelles, Liposomes.

Unit – II

Chemistry of Biomolecules- II

• Proteins: Amino acids and peptides. Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. Protein sequencing, protease mapping. Ramachandran plot. Collagen structure. Domain structure, models of protein folding, methods of study of protein folding, roles of chaperones and chaperonins.

• Nucleic acids: Structure of DNA and RNA: A, B, and Z forms of DNA. Novel structures. DNA bending and bendability. Denaturation and renaturation studies and their applications, nucleic acid hybridization. Topological structure of DNA.

Unit- III

Biophysical techniques - I

• UV-Visible spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry, absorption and emission spectrophotometry, IR, NMR, Lumionometry.

• Basic introduction to Raman and Mass spectrophotometry.

Unit – IV

Biophysical techniques - II

• Chromatography : Basic principles of partition, adsorption, gel filtration, affinity, ion exchange chromatography. Concept of GLC and HPLC.

• Electrophoresis: Gel electrophoresis (Agarose, PAGE, SDS PAGE), Disc gel electrophoresis, , Gradient electrophoresis, Pulsed field gel electrophoresis, Capillary electrophoresis.

• Viscosity: Determination of conformational changes through viscosity.

Unit – V

Biophysical techniques – III

Centrifugation:

• Basic principles, Mathematics & theory (RCF, Sedimentation coefficient etc)

• Types of centrifuge : microcentrifuge, high speed & ultracentrifuges.

• Preparative centrifugation: Differential & density gradient centrifugation, Applications (Isolation of cell components).

• Analytical centrifugation: Determination of molecular weight by sedimentation velocity & sedimentation equilibrium methods.

Radioactivity:

• Radioactive & stable isotopes, Pattern and rate of radioactive decay, Units of radioactivity.

• Measurement of radioactivity: Geiger-Muller counter, Solid & Liquid scintillation counters (Basic principle, instrumentation & technique), Brief idea of radiation dosimetry, Cerenkov radiation, autoradiography.

• Measurement of stable isotopes: Falling drop method and Mass spectrometry.

• Applications of isotopes in biochemistry, Principles of tracer techniques, Its advantages and limitations, Distribution studies, Isotope dilution technique, Metabolic studies, Clinical application. Radioimmunoassay.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester I
PRACTICAL

Section: A (Cell Biology, Enzymology)

Compulsory Practicals :

• Determination of activity of calcium ATPase of plasma membrane.

• Subcellular fractionation and assay of marker enzymes.

• Assay of activity of LDH.

Optional Practicals :

• Cell motility and flagellar staining.

• Microscopic studies of cell organelles.

• Cell types of plants- maceration of various tissue explant and identification of xylem, trachied, stomata, root hair, etc.

• F-Actin assay by Dnase inhibition method.

• Determination of activity of sodium/potassium ATPase of plasma membrane.

• Isolation of neutrophils and demonstration of phagocytosis.

• Determination of osmotic fragility of RBC membrane.

• Study of electron micrographs of various organelles.

• Assay of activity of beta-galactosidase

• Assay of activity of acid phosphatase,

• Enzyme purification by crystallization - urease.

• Isolation of chlorophyll and xanthophyll from spinach leaves.

• Effect of inhibitors on respiratory chain.

Section: B (Macromolecules and Analytical Techniques)

Compulsory Practicals :

• Separation of proteins by ion exchange chromatography

• Separation of lipids by thin layer chromatography

• Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: a) native enzyme preparation, b) SDS-PAGE of proteins.

Optional Practicals :

• Introduction to measurements: balance and pipefitting, preparation of solutions of given molarity and normality.

• Measurement of pH: buffering capacity, to determine pKa value and hence the dissociation constant of a given acid using pH meter.

• Colorimetry: To determine the dissociation constant of a given indicator colorimetrically and to prepare buffer solutions in the pH range 2.2 to 8.0

• Colorimetry: Assay of DNA by diphenylamine method.

• Colorimetry: Assay of RNA by orcinol method.

• Potentiometry: To determine redox potential of Fe++ and Fe+++.

• Conductometry: to determine cell constant of 0.1 M KCl.

• Conductometry: Titration of strong acid vs strong base, to find out equivalent conductance of salt formed.

• Viscometry: To determine radius of glycerol molecule.

• Viscometry: To determine molecular weight of protein and DNA.

• Viscometry : To determine changes in the conformation of bovine serum albumin by viscosity measurements, effect of pH on conformation of BSA.

• Spectrophotometry: To study the absorption spectrum of heamoglobin and NADH

• The validity of beers law for colourimetric estimation of creatinine.

• The ultarviolet absorption of proteins and amino acids.

• Estimation of proteins by Lowry"s and Bradford method.

• Estimation of protein by E280/E260 method.

• Fractionation of proteins: Salt precipitation, solvent precipitation, isoelectric precipitation, dialysis, centrifugation.

Note: In addition to the Three compulsory practicals, at least 6 optional practicals from each section must be conducted within the semester.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester II
Paper – I

Microbial Physiology, industrial biotechnology and biostatistics

Unit I

General Microbiology and Taxonomy

• Prokaryotes: bacterial structure and morphology, endospore forming bacteria, pseudomonas, mycobacteria, archaebacteria.

• Nutrition: nutritional classification, behaviour, cultivation, isolation, media and their types, maintenance of culture.

• Growth: Measurement of growth, growth curve, continuous and synchronous culture, factors affecting microbial growth.

• Microbial control: methods and dynamics of sterilization, mechanisms of control, biocontrol and preservation.

• Concept of chemotherapy, chemotherapeutic agents, mechanisms of action.

• Drug resistance, MDR, assessment and management of drug resistance.

g) Microbial classification: 16s rRNA sequence and bacterial phylogeny.

Unit II

Eukaryote and Viruses

• Algae: General characteristics, Applications in biotechnology.

• Fungi and slime moulds: General characteristics, applications in biotechnology.

• Viruses: Nature, symmetry, capsid structure, nucleic acid.

• Quantification of viruses

• Life cycles: T4 and lambda.

• Viroids and prions.

UNIT III

Bioreactor technology

• Types of bioreactors- plug flow reactors, continuously stirred tank flow reactors, loop reactors, air lift reactors, fed batch reactors, fluidized bed reactors, rotatory disc reactors.

• Concept of Batch process, continuous process, recycled and non recycled processes, liquid and solid state fermentations.

• Concept of bioreactor designing and process optimization, mass transfer, heat transfer, mixing, rheology of fermentation fluids, mean resistance time, substrate utilization rate, oxygenation, oxygen sag, yield co-efficient.

• Down stream processing-bioseparation; filtration, membrane filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation, flocculation, purification, solvent extraction, counter current extraction, ion exchange, affinity techniques, concentration, crystallization, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, drying, storage, and packaging.

• Immobilized systems- adsorption, covalent bonding, entrapment, encapsulation, cross linking, types of reactors, diffusion characteristics, effective factors, instability factors, deactivation rates, relative length of half life.

Unit IV

Scale up, unit processes, Applications

• Concept of control, basic control theory, turbidostatic and chemostatic control.

• Basic principles of scale up, working parameters.

• Unit processes- production of amylase, ethanol, penicillin.

• Biosensor technology.

Unit V

Biostatistics

• Measures of central tendency: mean, mode, and median.

• Measures of dispersion: range, mean deviation, standard deviation.

• Methods of sampling, sampling error, non-sampling errors, standard error.

• Chi-square test, meaning of correlation and regression.

• Cluster analysis: phylogenetic clustering by simple matching coefficients.

• Presentation of statistical data: tabulation (simple tables, frequency distribution table); charts and diagrams (bar charts, histograms, pie charts, dendrogram).

• Research designs with basic principles and field layout.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester II
Paper – II

IMMUNOLOGY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & BIOINFORMATICS

Unit I

Immunology

• History, detailed treatment of innate immunity and introduction to acquired immunity.

• Cells involved in immune response and organs of lymphoid system (MALT, GALT, Lymph Nodes, Spleen)

• Adaptive immune system: Humoral immune system, primary response, secondary response, B-cell, BCR, B-cell activation, antibody synthesis, classes of antibody and structure of antibodies.

Unit II

Immunology

• Cell mediated immune response: MHC, antigen presentation, T-cell development, TCR, T-cell activation, mechanism of cell mediated immunity.

• Cell-cell cooperation, role of cytokines, complement system.

• Immunological techniques: Ag-Ab reactions, techniques based on precipitation, agglutination, immunodiffusion, RIA, EIA, hybridoma.

Unit III

Cancer Biology

• Methods to study cancer. Animal models. Role of tissue culture in study of cancer. Combination of tissue culture and animal models.

• DNA Viruses and cancer: Polyoma virus, SV40, adenovirus

• Genetics of Cancer: Oncogenes (ras, erb-B, abl), suppressor genes (p53, Rb).

• Angiogenesis, positive and negative factors affecting angiogenesis. Metastatsis, biochemical parameters acquired by metastatic cells.

• Cancer stem cells.

Unit IV

Recombination, Genome Mapping, antisense, ribozymes and epigenetics

• Homologous recombination: Holiday junction, gene targeting, gene disruption, FLP/FRT and Cre/Lox recombination, RecA and other recombinases.

• Molecular mapping of genome: Genetic and physical maps, choice of mapping population, southern and fluorescence in situ hybridization for genome analysis, RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP analysis, molecular markers linked to disease resistance genes, application of molecular markers in forensic, disease prognosis, genetic counseling, pedigree etc.

• Antisense and ribozyme technology: Molecular mechanism of antisense molecule, biochemistry of ribozyme, hammerhead ribozymes, applications of antisense and ribozyme technologies.

• Epigenetics: chromatin marking systems, Direct chemical modification of DNA, Basic concepts of RNAi.

Unit V
Bioinformatics

• Computer concept: computer organization, hardware, software, operating system (windows, unix, brief list of computer languages).

• Concept of networking: internet, internet concepts, web browsing, public domain resources in biology.

• Concept of database management: brief idea of data types, data structures, searching, sorting, designing a database, genomic, proteomic, and metabolic pathways databases.

• Computer analysis of genetic sequences: general concepts of sequence analysis, identification of functional sequences, homology, brief idea of BLAST, ENTREZ, and PuBMed.

• Proteomics: basic issues and concepJts, protein sequences and alignment, protein structure prediction.

• Bioinformatics tools in drug design.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester II
PRACTICAL

Section: A (Microbiology, immunology and industrial biotechnology)

Compulsory Practicals :

• Western blotting.

• Production of microbial products in bioreactors/fermentors.

• Immobilization of cells/enzymes.

Optional Practicals :

• Cleanliness, media preparation, sterilization, culturing methods, dilution techniques.

• Staining techniques in microbiology; simple staining, gram staining, spore staining capsule staining, flagella staining.

• Isolation of pure culture by different techniques.

• Replica plating technique.

• Propagation of viruses.

• Assay of viruses.

• Purification of immunoglobulins, qualitative assessment.

• Demonstration of immunochemical reactions (blood group, Widal, VDRL, pregnancy, ELISA)

• Blood film preparation and identification of cells.

• Ouchterlony immunodiffusion,

• Determination of albumin by radial immunodiffusion.

• Determination of rheological constant.

• Determination of oxygen transfer rate, volumetric transfer coefficient.

Section: B (Molecular biology, biostatistics, and bioinformatics)

Compulsory Practicals :

• Separation of polyA RNA on oligo dT column.

• Induction of b-galactosidase in strains of E. coli (I+ and I-).

• Southern blotting.

Optional Practicals :

• Isolation of genomic DNA.

• Isolation of RNA.

• Endonuclease digestion of DNA and analysis of DNA fragments by agarose electrophoresis.

• Restriction fragment length polymorphism.

• Ames test.

• Calculation of mean, mode, and median.

• Calculation of standard deviation and standard error.

• Using computer in single user and multiple user environment.

• Designing and management of databases.

• Computer aided statistical analysis.

• Computer presentation of statistical data, charts and diagrams.

• Computer aided visualization of amino acid sequence of protein and its 3D structure.

• Retrieving metabolic pathway using internet.

• Homology searching using BLAST.

• Computer aided survey of scientific literature.

• Field layout based on statistical research designs.

Note: In addition to the Three compulsory practicals, at least 6 optional practicals from each section must be conducted within the semester.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester III

Paper I

ANIMAL AND PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit I

Basics of Animal Cell Culture, Primary Culture and Established Cell Lines

• Animal Cell Culture: Equipments and materials for animal cell culture technology. Various systems of tissue culture, their distinguishing features, advantages and limitations.

• Culture medium: natural media, synthetic media, sera. Introduction to balanced salt solutions and simple growth medium. Brief discussion on the chemical, physical and metabolic functions of different constituents of culture medium, role of carbon di oxide, serum and supplements.

• Characteristics of cells in culture: Contact inhibition, anchorage dependence, cell-cell communication etc.; Cell senescence; cell and tissue response to trophic factors.

• Primary Culture: Behaviour of cells, properties, utility. Explant culture; suspension culture.

• Established cell line cultures: Definition of cell lines, maintenance and management; cell adaptation.

• Measurement of viability and cytotoxicity. Cell cloning, cell synchronization and cell manipulation. Various methods of separation of cell types, advantages and limitations; flow cytometry.

Unit II

Commercial Applications of Cell Culture

• Scaling up of animal cell culture. Cell transformation.

• Stem cell cultures, embryonic stem cells and their applications. Somatic cell genetics.

• Apoptosis: Measurement of cell death. Apoptosis (death domain, role of cytochrome C)

• Commercial applications of cell culture: Tissue culture as a screening system; cytotoxicity and diagnostic tests. Mass production of biologically important compounds (eg. Vaccines). Harvesting of products, purification, and assays. Three dimensional cultures and tissue engineering.

UNIT III

Plant Tissue Culture

• Conventional plant breeding (introductory).

• Introduction to cell and Tissue culture. Tissue culture as a technique to produce novel plants and hybrids.

• Tissue culture media (composition and preparation)

• Callus and suspension cultures: initiation and maintenance of callus and suspension cultures; single cell clones.

• Organogenesis. Embryogenesis; transfer and establishment of whole plants in soil.

• Shoot tip culture: rapid clonal propagation and production of virus free plants.

• Embryo culture and embryo rescue.

• Hybrid plants: protoplast isolation, culture and fusion, selection of hybrid cells and regeneration of hybrid plants, symmetric and asymmetric hybrid, cybrid.

• Production of haploid plants: anther, pollen and ovary cultures for production of haploid plants and homozygous lines.

• Germplasm conservation: cryopreservation, slow growth cultures and DNA banking for germplasm conservation.

UNIT IV

Applications of plant transformation for productivity and performance
Herbicide resistance, phosphoinothricine glyphosate, sulfonyl urea, atrazin, insect resistance, Bt genes, non-Bt-like protease inhibitor, virus resistance, coat protein mediated nucleocapsid gene, disease resistance, chitinase, 1-3 beta glucanase, RIP,
antifungal proteins, thionins, PR proteins, nematode resistance, abiotic stress, post harvest losses, long shelf life of fruits and flowers, use of ACC synthase, polygalacturanase, ACC oxidase, male sterile lines, bar and barnase systems, carbohydrate composition and storage, ADP glucose pyrophosphatase.

UNIT V

• Plant metabolic engineering and industrial products: plant secondary metabolites, control mechanisms and manipulation of phenylpropanoid pathway, shikimate pathway, alkaloids, industrial enzymes, biodegradable plastics, polyhydroxybutyrate, therapeutic proteins, lysosomal enzymes, antibodies, edible vaccines, purification strategies, oleosin partitioning technology.

• Molecular marker aided breeding: RFLP maps, linkage analysis, RAPD markers, STS, microsatellite, SCAR (sequence characterized amplified regions), SSCP (single strand conformational polymorphism), QTL, map based cloning, molecular marker assisted selection.

• Green House Technology

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester III

Paper II

GENETIC ENGINEERING

UNIT I

Isolation of DNA From The Source

• DNA manipulation enzymes: Nucleases (exonucleases and endonucleases), restriction modification system and restriction enzymes, ligases, polymerases, DNA modification enzymes and topoisomerases.

• Gene isolation and purification: general methods (shotgun method for producing gene library, cloning specific genes by hybridization and reverse transcriptase methods, direct selection of a gene)

• Gene libraries and molecular probes: Molecular probes for detecting nucleic acids and proteins. Genomic DNA library, cDNA library, oligonucleotide probes. Nucleic acid hybridization (Southern, northern). Antibody probes (western blotting, immunoprecipitation and south-western screening).

• DNA sequencing: Sanger-Coulson dideoxynucleotide method, Maxam-Gilbert chemical cleavage method, multiplex DNA sequencing, automated DNA sequencing. Basic idea of oligonucleotide synthesis.

UNIT II

Splicing of DNA into Cloning Vectors

• Cloning vectors: Plasmids as vectors, general characteristics of plasmids, bacterial vector plasmids, yeast vector plasmids, yeast artificial chromosomes. Viral vectors (lambda, M13). Cosmid vectors. Mammalian cloning vectors.

• Insertion of DNA and ligation: Berg's terminal transferase method (dA:dT joints); Boyer-Cohen-Chang experiment (cohesive ends), Butt joints (T4 DNA ligase); current ligation techniques (blunt-end ligation, complementary end ligation, linkers, adaptors, homopolymer tailing.

UNIT III
 
Insertion of Foreign DNA into Host Cells

• Transformation: DNA uptake by bacterial cells.

• Transfection: Chemical and physical methods, Viral vectors. Polyethylene glycol, DEAE-dextran, calcium phosphate coprecipitation, dimethyl sulfoxide, liposomes, microinjection, macroinjection, electroporation, biolistics, somatic cell fusion, viral vectors (single- and two-strain packaging). gene transfer by pronuclear microinjection

• Plant transformation technology: Basis of tumor formation, hairy root, features of Ti and Ri plasmids, mechanism of DNA transfer, role of virulence genes, use of Ti and Ri as vectors, binary vectors, use of 35S and other promoters, genetic markers, use of reporter genes, use of scaffold attachment regions, methods of nuclear transformation, viral vectors and their application, Biological and physical transformation methods. Chloroplast transformation.

• Amplification of DNA: Polymerase chain reaction.

UNIT IV

Isolation of Products From Clones

• Expression of foreign gene: expression of eukaryotic genes in bacteria, expression of foreign genes in yeast, insect and mammalian cells.

• Salient features of expression vectors.

• Processing of recombinant proteins: Refolding and stabilization.

• Protein engineering.

UNIT V

Application

• Production of monoclonal bodies by phage display technique using filamentous phage vectors.

• Gene Therapy: somatic and germline, random and targeted gene replacement, in vivo and ex vivo gene delivery, retrovirus gene transfer system, advantages and disadvantages of adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus vectors, gene correction, replacement/augmentation, editing, regulation and silencing. Gene therapy of human diseases.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester III
PRACTICAL

Compulsory Practicals :

• Isolation of plasmid DNA (miniprep and alkaline bulk method)

• Recombinant DNA technology: in vitro DNA ligation and transformation of E. coli.

• Recombinant DNA technology: characterization of transformants.

• Callus propagation, organogenesis, transfer of plants to soil.

• Development of primary cell lines/maintenance of established cell lines.

Optional Practicals :

• Preparation of plant tissue culture media.

• Surface sterilization.

• Organ culture.

• Protoplast isolation and culture.

• Anther culture: production of haploids.

• Cytological examination of regenerated plants.

• Preparation of animal cell culture media.

• Filter sterilization and sterility test.

• Media storage, serum inactivation.

• Cell fusion.

• Cell transformation by viruses.

• Lyophilization of local germplasma.

• Detection of coliforms for determination of the purity of potable water.

• Isolation, identification, and preparation of biofertilizers/biopesticides.

• Determination of total solids, total dissolved solids, suspended solids, DOC/BOD/COD of water/sewage sample.

• Estimation of heavy metals in water/soil by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Note: In addition to the Five compulsory practicals, at least 3 optional practicals must be conducted within the semester.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY

Semester IV

ACCREDITED WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT AND SEMINAR ON

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND LEGAL BASED APPLICATIONS

(The student must choose one topic from the list given below for his/her written assignment and

seminar)

Environment: basic concepts and issues, concept of sustainable development, role of microbial technology in achieving indegenous sustainable development.
Environmental pollution: types of pollution, methods for the measurement of pollution, methodology of environmental management (the problem solving approach, its limitations). Definition and conceptual aspects of eutrophication, biodeterioration, biotransformation and bioleaching.

Water pollution and its control: water as a scarce natural resource, need for water management, measurement of water pollution, sources of water pollution, waste water collection, waste water treatment (physical, chemical and biological treatment processes).
Microbiology of waste water treatments, aerobic process: activated sludge, oxidation ditches, trickling filter, towers, rotating discs, rotating drums, oxidation ponds.

Anaerobic processes: anaerobic digestion, anaerobic filters, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors.
Treatment schemes for water wastes of dairy, distillary, tannery, sugar, antibiotic industries.

Microbiology of degradation of xenobiotics in environment: ecological considerations, decay behavior and degradative plasmids, concept and consequences of biomagnification, biodegradation of hydrocarbons, substitued hydrocarbons, surfactants, pesticides and oil pollution.
Global environmental problems: ozone depletion, UV-B, green-house effect and acid rain, their impact and biotechnological approaches for management, impact of chemicals and biological warfare agents on environment.

Advancement in biogeochemical cycles: nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle, carbon cycle and sulfur cycle.
Bioremediation of barren land and agricultural land through biofertilizer technology.
Biopesticides in integrated paste management.

Biotechnology based legal applications and recent trends in biotechnology: intellectual property system in India, importance of trademark, biosafety and its implementations, environmental legislation, quality control in biotechnology.

Green Chemistry
Recent Trends in Environmental Biotechnology
Nanotechnology based application

Guidelines for Accredited Assignment and Seminar

1. The allotted assignment and its presentation in seminar will be accredited with 50 marks.

2. The assignment in written form must be submitted to the parent institute prior to its presentation.

3. The evaluation of assignment and its presentation will be done by approved teachers in biotechnology.

4. Every student must attend all seminars.

5. Marks should be forwarded to the controller of examination of RTM Nagpur University through the Principal/Director/Co-Ordinator/Head of the College/Institute/Department.

Marks
For written assignment work 20
For presentation and discussion 20
Regular attendance 10
 ____
Total 50

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester IV
PROJECT

The student must complete the project and submit it before the final examinations for semester IV. The project work/dissertation must conform to standard research practices.

General Guidelines for Project/Dissertation work

Collection of research data related to local and industrial problem etc.
Planning of research projects.
The philosophy of research.
Choosing topics: developing hypotheses.
Collection of background information.
Principles of carrying out literature searches.
Types of databases available.
Accessing information on database.
Selection of keywords etc.
Planning of experiments.
Statistical experimental design.
Types of analyses.
Replication of experiments.
Presentation of data with formats for data collection/reporting.
Writing a research proposal and submission in thesis form.

DISSERTATION/PROJECT WORK REPORT
SCHEME/GUIDELINES FOR THE STUDENTS & SUPERVISORS & EXAMINERS:

Candidates are required to submit a Project Dissertation Work/Field Based Project on a related research topic of Biotechnology. The work is expected to be critical analysis of a problem of contemporary significance in the field of Biotechnology. It must be an original work & not just copied review of literature, and it must indicate some degree of experimental research and reflection of at least little already available material.

The dissertation project work comprised of Introduction, Materials & Methods, Experimental Results & Discussion, Summary & References will be evaluated by the examiners on the strength of dissertation work & shall be awarded the marks out of total 200 marks.

The work will carry total 200 marks. Every candidate shall submit two copies of the project dissertation work (typed & properly bound) at least one month prior to commencement of the final examination M.Sc.-II (i.e. 4th Semester) through Head/Course-cordinator/Director of the Department/Centre or the Principal of the College concerned along with the certificate signed by the supervisor/guide and declaration by the candidate towards original work which is not submitted to any University or organization for the award of the degree. The supervisor for the dissertation shall be the teaching members of the faculty. The students will be assigned the topic for project dissertation work by their respective supervisors at M.Sc.-II (i.e. 3rd Semester). Later, it shall be forwarded to Controller of Examination for an appointment of subject examiners panel etc. After the submission of Dissertation work they shall be evaluated by the external examiner in the respective Department/Centre/Affiliated Colleges. The examination duration shall be of two days.

The examiner will evaluate the dissertation taking into account the following considerations.

• Coverage of subject matter

• Arrangement & Presentation

• References & Materials Used

• Critical Application & Original Experimental Contribution of the Candidate

For Written Dissertation/Project Work        150 Marks
For Viva-Voce                                               50 Marks
                                                                   Total = 200 Marks
 

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APPENDIX

MASTER OF SCIENCE (BIOTECHNOLOGY)
TWO YEAR DEGREE COURSE

Note: T= Theory; P= Practical

Although the passing marks in any one theory paper is just 19 out of
75, the total marks obtained in both theory papers together must be 54
 for a candidate to be declared pass.

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• Name              Designation    Qualification       Area of Specialization

	Faculty Profile
			Dr. S.S. Pande Ph.D. Environmental & Agricultural Biotechnology, Molecular Genetics & Medical Biotechnology.
			Dr. (Mrs.) A. S. Shanware Ph.D. Aquaculture Immuno Biotechnology, Biotechnological Applications in Environment & Agriculture Sector.
			M.Sc. Zoology Technical Assistant
			Mr. V.C. Mate CCO Computer Technician
	Top Research:
S.No.		Name of Faculty Members		Names of Ph. D. Students registered Under the Faculty  Member	Title of the Research	Type of Fellowship Availing, if any
1		Prof. S.U. Meshram		Ms. Sonika  P. Choudhary	Studies  on Mycobacterium tuberculosis  genotypic diversity  and  drug susceptibility  pattern  in HIV-infected  and  non-HIV-infected  Patients  in central  India	-NA-
2		Prof. S.U. Meshram		Ms. Swati Saxena	Development of Sequence Tagged Microsatellite Markers in Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) and their utilization in genetic characterization of bittergourd germplasm.	Working   as  a Project  Assistant
3		Dr. S.S. Pande		Mr.Aniket  S. Aglawe	Detoxification of Organotin Compounds Through Microbial Degradation	Working  as  a Project  Assistant -Level  II
4		Dr. S.S. Pande		Mr. Dipak Kumar Nath	Studies on Modulation of  Redox Status and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Fagonia Cretica Linn, Tinospora Cordifolia and Rubia Cordifola	Working   as  a Project  Fellow
5		Dr. S.S. Pande		Ms. Neha  S. Yadav	Sequential Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) On Cellular Redox System	Working  as  a Adhoc  Lecturer
6		Dr. S.S. Pande		Ms. Sarosha Nasreen Mohd Israil	Development of abiotic stress tolerant transgenic in cotton.	Working   as  a Project  Assistant
7		Dr. (Mrs.) A. S. Shanware		Mr. Dattatrey  V. Kanitkar	Comparative study of Different Bioreactors for the Production of Extra-cellular Enzymes by Solid State fermentation	Working as a University approved teacher vide no. Ø-e-fo- 4423 /9,Dt.14/10/2008
8		Dr. (Mrs.) A. S. Shanware		Ms. Prajakta N. Patil	Studies on Correlation of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) with Infertility and recurrent abortion	-NA-

Ongoing research projects by the faculty and their outlay

1. RGBC- DBT support Programme M.Sc. Biotechnology Teaching programme on All India basis sanctioned by DBT, Min. of Sci. & Tech;(Govt. of India), New Delhi amounting Rs.1,34,44,200/-                             

   (Dr.S.S.Pande as the Course Co-ordinator)

2. R  & D  Major  Research  Project  entitled  “A Novel Approach for Development  of  Fermented Milk  Nutraceuticals  Fortified with Probiotics & Herbs” sanctioned by  the UGC , Govt. of India, New Delhi amounting Rs.9,41,800/-  

   (Dr.S. S. Pande as the Principal Investigator & Dr.(Mrs.)A.S.Shanware as the Co-Investigator)

    

3. R & D Major Research Project entitled “Studies on Development of Biosensor Technology For Rapid BOD Estimation” sanctioned by the University Grants Commission Govt. of India, New Delhi amounting Rs.11,86,800/-

    (Dr.(Mrs.)A.S.Shanware as the Principal Investigator & Dr.S.S.Pande as the Co- Investigator)

•  Number of research projects completed by the faculty and their outlay

1. DBT, Min. of Sci. & Tech;(Govt. of India), New Delhi sponsored Major R & D project entitled “ Demonstration- cum-Training on Biotechnology of Biofertilizer as an integrated farming”, amounting Rs.13,42,000/- (Project duration  2003 – 2006)

   (Prof.S.U.Meshram as the Principal Investigator &  Dr.S.S.Pande the Co-Investigator)

2. UGC, Govt. of India, New Delhi Sponsored Major R & D project Project on “Synthesis, Characterization & Applications of colored derivatives of Pyrrole & Furan” amounting Rs. 6,55,600/- (Project duration 2004 -2007)

   (Dr. A.S. Shanware as Co-Investigator in Collaboration with Dr.(Mrs.) J. S. Meshram as the Principal Investigator, P.G. Deptt. of Chemistry)

3. DBT, Min. of Sci. & Tech;(Govt. of India), New Delhi sponsored Major R & D project entitled “ Development of Biofertiliser Based Nutrient Management package for Nagpur Mandarin” has been sanctioned vide No. BT/PR9263/AGR/228/2007 dated 23/01/2008, amounting Rs.19.02 lakhs under the implementation of the National project titled “Development of INM Package for Commercially important Plantation Crops” (Project duration 2008 -2011)

   (Prof.S.U.Meshram as the Principal Investigator & Dr.S.S.Pande & Dr.(Mrs.)A.S.Shanware as the Co-Investigators)

4. R&D major inter departmental project entitled “Summit of B-lactum antibiotics            for             broad spectrum improvement” sanctioned by the University Grants        Commission, Govt. of India, New Delhi  in collaboration with P.G.Deptt.of Chemistry,       R.T.M.Nagpur University, Nagpur amounting Rs.6,40,800/- (Project duration 2008 -2011)

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The Rajiv Gandhi Biotechnology Centre has an active interaction of both teaching and research with the following departments in & around the University and a number of nationally & internationally acclaimed research Institutes and is well equipped with modern instrumentations and infrastructure to allow and encourage the students to explore the horizons of knowledge in varied aspects of Biotechnology. These are:-

Indian Institute of Science,Bangalore,Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow,Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ahmadabad,Deptt.of Life Sciences, Mumbai University, Mumbai, Defense Research Development Establishment, Gwalior, Divisions of Microbiology and Fruits & Horticulture,IARI, New Delhi, Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Varanasi, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research(JIPMER), Puducherry,  Krishna Agro Bio- products, Hyderabad, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, Delhi University, South Delhi Campus,Delhi, ACBR, New Delhi , National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Centre for Sericulture & Biological Pest Management Research, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur, Deptt. of Food Technology, L.I.T., R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur, National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur, P.G. Departments of Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Electronics & Computer Science, Biochemistry, Physics, R.T.M. Nagpur University, S. P. College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, University Department of Pharmaceutical Science, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur, Shri Shivaji Science College, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar College, Nagpur, Janata College, Chandrapur, Rani  Agnihotri Institute of Technology,Wardha etc.