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Unit I
Time dependent perturbation theory, First order perturbation theory applied to non-degenerate states, second order perturbation, Application of perturbation theory to the ground state energy of He atom (calculation given in Pauling and Wilson), Normal and anomalous Zeeman effect, first order Stark effect in the ground and first excited states of H atom and second order Stark effect of H atom, an-harmonic oscillator.

Unit II
Time dependent perturbation theory, transition rate, constant perturbation harmonic in time, radiative transitions, absorption and induced emission, atomic radiation, dipole approximation, Einstein’s atomic radiation, Einstein’s A and b coefficients and their calculations.
Approximation methods: W.K.B. method and its application to barrier penetration.
Variational principle and its application to simple cases like ground state of He atom and deuteron in Yukawa potential.

Unit III
System of identical particles, exchange and transposition operators, totally symmetric and anti-symmetric wave function and their expressions for a system of non-interacting particles, statistics of systems of identical particles, Relation of statistics with spin, Ortho and para states of the helium atom and their perturbation by Coulomb repulsion.
Hamiltonian of a molecule, Born-Oppenheimer approximation, Heitler-London theory of the hydrogen molecule, Outline of the helium atom and their perturbation by the Coulomb repulsion.

Unit IV
Scattering theory, scattering cross-section in laboratory and centre of mass system, scattering by a central potential, Partial wave method, phase shifts and their importance, scattering by a square well potential and a perfectly rigid sphere, resonance scattering.

Unit V
Relativistic wave equation, the Klein-Gordon equation and initial difficulties in interpreting its solutions, Dirac’s relativistic equation, Dirac’s matrices, explanation of the spin of the electron, equation for an electron in an electromagnetic field and explanation of the magnetic moment due to the electron spin, spin-orbit interaction, solution for hydrogen atom in Dirac’s theory, Negative energy states and their qualitative explanations.
Quantization of scalar and electromagnetic fields, explanation of absorption and spontaneous and induced emissions.

Reference and Text Books:

1. E. Merzbacher, Quantum Mechanics (Wiley and Sons-Toppon)
2. J. L. Fowell and b. Crazemann, Quantum mechanics ( B I Publications)
3. L I Schiff, Quantum Mechanics (McGraw-Hill)
4. D. Bohm, Quantum Theory (Asia Publishing House)
5. Pauling and Wilson, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
6. A.K. Ghatak and S. Lokanathan, Quantum Mechanics (Macmillan, India)
7. P.T. Mathews and K. Venkatesan, A text book of Quantum Mechanics ( Tata McGraw-Hill)
8. P.T. Mathews, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (Tata-McGraw-Hill)

M. Sc. –II Physics
Paper-VII (Compulsory)   
Nuclear And Particle Physics

Unit-I
Nuclear mass and binding energy: Determination of nuclear masses, Semi-empirical mass formula, Relative abundance, Compound nucleus, Optical models stripping reactions, Coulomb excitation.
Angular momentum and magnetic moment. Molecular beam resonance and NMR methods (Bloch and Purcell). Mossbauer effect.  

Unit-II
Nuclear Interactions and Nuclear Reactions: Nucleon- nucleon interaction- Exchange forces and tensor forces – Meson theory and nuclear forces, Nucleon-nucleon scattering – Effective range theory, Spin dependence of nuclear forces – Charge independence and charge symmetry of nuclear forces - Isospin formalism – Yukawa interaction.

Direct and compound nuclear reaction mechanisms – Cross sections in terms of partial wave amplitude – Compound nucleus – Scattering matrix – Reciprocity theorem  

Unit-III
Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model – Bohr – Wheeler theory of fission – Experimental evidence for shell effects – Shell model – Spin – orbital coupling – Magic numbers – Angular momenta and parities of nuclear ground states – Qualitative discussion and estimates of transition rates – Magnetic moments and Schmidt lines – Collective model of Bohr Mottelson.

Unit-IV
Nuclear decay: Beta decay – Fermi theory of beta decay – Shape of the beta spectrum – Total decay rate – Angular momentum and parity selection rules – Comparative half – lives – Allowed and forbidden transitions – Selection rules – Parity violation – Two component theory of neutrino decay – Detection and properties of neutrino – Gamma decay – Multipole transitions in nuclei – Angular momentum and parity selection rules – Internal conversion – Nuclear isomerism.

Unit-V
Elementary particle physics: Types of interaction between elementary particles – Hadrons and leptons – Symmetry and conservation laws – Elementary ideas of CP and CPT invariance – Classification of hadrons – Lie algebra, SU(2) – SU(3) multiplets – Quark model – Gell – Mann – Okubo formula for octet and decuplet hadrons – Charm, Bottom and tom quarks.

Text and reference Books

1. Bohr and B.R. Mottelson, Nuclear Structure, Vol. 1 (1969) and Vol 2, Benjamin, Reading, A. 1975
2. Kenneth S. Kiane, Introductory Nuclear Physics, Wiley, New Yark, 1988
3. Ghoshal, Atomic and Nuclear Physics, Vol. 2.
4. P.H. Perkins, Introduction to high Energy Physics, Addison-Wesley, London, 1982.
5. Shirokov Yudin, Nuclear Physics Vol. 1 & 2, Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1982.
6. D. Griffiths, Introduction to Elementary Particles, Harper and Row, New York, 1987.
7. F.A. Enge, Introduction to Nuclear Physics, Addison-Wesley, 1975
8. G.E. Brown and A.D. Jackson, Nucleon interaction, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1976.
9. S.de Benedetti, Nuclear interaction, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1964
10. M.K. Pal, Theory of nuclear structure, Affiliated East, Madras, 1982.
11. Y.R. Waghmare, Introductory nuclear physics, Oxford – IBH, Bombay, 1981.
12. J.M. Longo, Elementary particles, Mc-Grow-Hill, NY, 1971.
13. R.D. Evans, Atomic nucleus Mc-Grow-Hill, NY, 1955
14. Kapaln, Nuclear Physics, 2nd addition, Narosa, Madras, 1989.
15. B.L. Cohen, Concepts of nuclear physics, TMGH, Bombay. 1071.
16. R.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam, Nuclear physics, Wiley – Eastern Ltd., 1983.  

M. Sc. –II Physics
Paper-VIII (Elective)   
Quantum Electrodynamics and Reactor Physics

Quantum Electrodynamics

Unit-I

Dirac equation, Properties of Dirac Matrices, Projection operators, Traces, Feynman’s theory of positron. Second unitization of Klein-Gorden Field, Creation and annihilation operators Commutation relation.

Unit-II

Fock space representation, Interacting fields, Dirac (Interaction) picture, S-matrix and its expansion, Ordering theorem, Feynman’s graph and Feynman’s rule. Application to some problems like Rutherford scattering and Compton scattering, Calculation of cross section using v graphs.

Reactor Physics

Unit-III

Interaction of Neutron with Matter in Bulk: Transport and diffusion equations, transport mean free path, Solution of diffusion equation for a point source in an infinite medium and for an infinite plane source in a finite medium, extrapolation length and diffusion length- the albedo concept.

Moderation of Neutron : Mechanics of elastic scattering, average logarithmic energy decrement, slowing down power and moderating ratio of a medium Fermi’s age theory, solution of age equation for a point source of fast neutrons in an infinite medium, slowing down length, Fermi age.

Unit-IV
Theory of Homogeneous Bare Thermal Reactor: Critical equation, material and geometric bucklings, Neutron balance in a thermal reactor, four factor formula, typical calculations of critical size and composition in simple cases.
Heterogeneous Natural Uranium Reactors: Advantages and disadvantages of heterogeneous assemblies, various types of reactors and a brief discussion of their design features.

Unit-V

Problems of reactor control and maintenance: Role of delayed neutrons, inhour formula, temperature effects, fission product poisoning, use of coolants and control rods.
Power reactors: Fast breeder reactor, dual purpose reactors, concept of fusion reactors.

Text and Reference Books

1. Bjoken and Drell: Relativistic quantum field
2. Muirhead: The physics of elementary particles
3. Schweber, Bethe and Hoffmann: Mesons and field
4. Sakurai: Advance quantum mechanics
5. Mandal: Introduction to field theory
6. Lee: Particle physics and introduction to field theory.
7. Glasston & Edlund: The Elements of Nuclear Reactor theory
8. Murry: Introductions of nuclear Engineering.
9. Bjoken and Drell: Relativistic quantum field
10. Muirhead: The physics of elementary particles
11. Schweber, Bethe and Hoffmann: Mesons and field
12. Sakurai: Advance quantum mechanics
13. Mandal: Introduction to field theory
14. Lee: Particle physics and introduction to field theory.

M. Sc. –II Physics
Paper-IX (Elective)   
Physics of Liquid Crystals,  Electronic Devices and
Fabrication of Integrated Circuits

Physics of liquid crystals

Unit-I
Classification of liquid crystals and their parameters: Symmetry structure and classification of liquid crystal, Polymorphism in thermotropics, Reentrant phenomenon in liquid crystals, Blue phases, polymer liquid crystals, distribution functions and other parameters, Macroscopic and microscopic order parameters, Measurement of order parameters, magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction.

Unit-II
Theories of liquid crystalline phase transition: Nature of phase transitions and critical phenomenon in liquid crystals, Hard particle, Maier-Saupe and Van der wWalls theories for nematic –isotropic and nematic smectic A transitions Landau theory, Essential ingredients applications to nematic isotropic nematic smectic A transitions and transitions involving smectic phases. Continuum theory: Curvature elasticity in nematic smectic A phases, Distortions due to magnetic and electric fields, Magnetic coherence length, Freedeicksz transitions, Field induced cholesteric nematic transition

Unit-III
 Dynamical properties of Nematic: The equations of nemato-dynamics, laminar flow, Molecular motions.
Optical properties of cholesterics: Optical properties of ideal helices, Agent influencing the pitch, Liquid crystal display,

Ferroelectric Liquid crystals: The properties of smectic C continuum description smectic C- smectic A transition  applications. Discotic Liquid crystals: Symmetry and structure, mean field description of discotic liquid crystals, continuum description, Lyotropic liquid crystals and biological membrane. Applications of liquid crystals. electronic devices and fabrication of integrated circuits

Unit-IV
Semiconductor materials:Energy bands, intrinsic carrier concentration, donors and acceptors, direct and indirect band semiconductors, degenerate and compensated semiconductors, elemental (Si) and compound semiconductors (GaAs), replacement of group –III and group-V elements to get tertiary alloy such as AlxGa(1-x)As or GaPyAs(1-y) and quaternary InxGa(1-x)PyAs(1-y) alloys  and their important properties such band gap and refractive index changes with x and y. Doping of Si Group-III (n) and Group-V (p) compounds) and GaAs (Group II(p) IV (np) and (VI (n compounds). Diffusion of impurities, thermal diffusion, constant surface concentration, constant total dopant diffusion, ion implantation

Carrier transport in semiconductors: Carrier drift under low and high field in ( Si and GaAs), saturation of drift velocity, high field effect in two valleys semiconductors, carrier diffusion, carrier injection, Generation recombination processes.

Unit-V

Fabrication of integrated devices (overview and basic principle): Thin film deposition techniques, Vacuum pump and gauges, pumping speed throughout effective conductance control, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) MOCVD, PEMOCVD (Plasma enhanced CVD) Physical vapor deposition, thermal evaporation, Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), Sputtering and laser ablation, lithography, etching and micro-machining of Si, Fabrication of integrated circuit and integrated micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS).

Text Book and References

1. Liquid crystal : Chandrasekhar
2. Thermotropic liquid crystals: Fundamentals : Vertogen and de Jeu
3. The physics of liquid crystals : de Gennes & Prost
4. Introduction to liquid crystals: Physics and Chemistry.: Taylor and Francis
5. The optics of thermotropic liquid crystal :Elston & Sambles
6. Liquid crystal polymers: from structures to applications    :           Collyer
7. Ferroelectric liquid crystals: Principle properties and Applications: Gooby et al
8. Physics of semiconductor devices : D.A. Eraser (Oxford Physics Series, 1986)
9. Thin film phenomenon : K.L. Chpra
10. The materials science of thin films : Milton S. Ohring
11. Optical electronics : A. Ghatak and  K. Thyagarajan (Cambridge Univ. Press)
12. Materials science for engineers : James F. Shackelford (Prentice Hall)
13. Deposition techniques for film and coatings : R.F. Bunshah (Noyes publishers)
14. Solid state electronics : B.G. Streetman

M. Sc. –II Physics
Paper-X (Elective)
Science and Technology of Solar Hydrogen & Other Renewable Energies
and Nano-Materials

solar hydrogen and other renewable energies

Unit-I

Solar Energy: Fundamentals of photovoltaic energy conversion, Physics and materials properties, basic to photovoltaic energy conversion, Optical properties of solids, Direct and indirect transition semiconductors, interrelationship between absorption coefficients and band gap recombination of carriers. Types of solar cells, p-n junction solar cell, transport equation, current density, open circuit voltage and short circuit current, Brief description of single crystal silicon and amorphouse silicon solar cells, Nature of semiconductor, Electrolyte junction, Principles of Photo-electrochemical solar cells.

Unit-II

Hydrogen energy: Relevance in relation to depletion of fossil fuels and environmental considerations.

Hydrogen Production: Solar hydrogen through Photo-electrolysis and Photo-catalytic process. Physics and material characteristics for production of solar hydrogen.

Unit-III

Storage of Hydrogen: Brief discussion of various storage processes, special features of solid state hydrogen storage materials, structural and electronic characteristics of storage materials, New storage modes.

Safety and Utilization of Hydrogen : Various factors relevant to safety, use of Hydrogen as fuel, Use in vehicular transport, hydrogen for electricity generation, Fuel cells, Elementary concept of other hydrogen based devices such as sir conditioners and hybrid batteries.   

Nano-Materials

Unit-IV

Free electron theory (qualitative idea) and its features, Idea of band structure, Metals, Insulators and semiconductors, Density of state in bands, Variation of density of states with energy variation of density of state and band gap with size of crystal.

Unit-V

Quantum size effect: Electron confinement in infinitely deep square well, Confinement in two and one dimensional well, Ideas of quantum well structure, Quantum dots, Quantum wires.
Determination of particle size, Increase in width of XRD peaks of nano-particles, Shift in photoluminescence peaks, Variation on Raman spectra of nano-materials. 
Different methods of preparation of nano-materials, Bottom up: cluster beam evaporation, Ion beam deposition, Chemical bath deposition with capping techniques and tom down: Ball milling.

Text and Reference Books

1. Solar cell Devices-Physics: Fonash.
2. Fundamentals of solar cells photovoltaic solar energy: Fahrenbruch & Bube
3. Photo-electrochemical solar cells: Chandra.
4. Hydrogen as an energy carrier technologies Systems economy: Winter & Nitch
5. Nanotechnology molecularly designed materials : Gan-Moog Chow, K.E. Gonsalves (American Chemical Society)
6. Quantum dot hetero-structures : D. Bimerg, M. Grundmann and N N Ledentsov (John Eiley & Sons, 1998).
7. Nano technology: Molecular specialization on global      : B.C. Crandall (MIT Press) abunda           
8. Physics of two dimensional physics : John H. Devies (Cambridge Univ. Press)
9. Physics of semiconductor nano structures : K.P. Jain (Narosa, 1997)
10. Nano fabrication and bio system: Integrating materials science engineering science and biology: Harvey C. Hoch, Harald G. Craighead and Lynn Jelinski (Cambridge Univ. Press, 96)         
11. Nano particles and nano structured films: Preparation Characterization and applications : Editor J.H. Fendler (John Wiley and Sons,1998)

M. Sc. –II Physics
Paper-XI (Elective)
Numarical Methods & Programming

 

Unit –I :         
Random errors, Systematic errors, Numerical errors, Absolute errors, Instrumental errors, Propagation of errors in operation Significant figures Precision and Accuracy Standard Deviation methods of determination of zeroes of linear and non-linear algebraic equations and transcendental equations, convergence of solution.
Numerical solution of non-linear equation:Iterative methods, Bisection methods, False position Bairstraw method, Ramanujam method, Successive approximation method. Solution of simultaneous linear equations,Gaussian elimination.

Unit-II
Matrices and Determinants :Matrices common matrix operations,determinant, inverse and algorithm of a matrix, pivoting, expansion of a determinant.
Algorithms and programs listing Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices, Power and Jacobi method.
Finite differences, interpolation with equally spaced and unevenly spaced points Cubic spline fitting.

Unit-III

Numerical Methods: Methods for determination of zeros of linear and non-linear algebraic equations and transcendental equations, Convergence of solutions, Solution of simultaneous linear equation, Gaussian elimination, Pivoting iterative method, matrix inversion, eigen values and Eigen vectors of matrices and Power and Jacobi method.

Unit-IV

Finite differences, interpolation with equally spaced and unevenly space points, curve fitting polynomial least squares and cubic Spline fitting. Numerical differentiation and integration, Newton-Cotes formulae, error estimates, Gauss method, Random variate, Monte-Carlo evaluation of integrals, Method of important sampling, Random walk and Metropolis method, Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations, Euler and Range Kutta methods, Predictor and correctors method, elementary ideas of solutions of partial differential equations.

Unit-V

Programming: Logical structure, Representation of numbers in memory. Advance C/C++ and VB Programming. Algorithms.

 

Text and reference Books.

1. Sastry, Introductory method of Numerical analysis
2. Rajaraman: Numerical analysis
3. Vettrming, Teukolsky, Press and Flannery: Numerical Recipes.
4. Salaria : Computater Oriented Numerical Methods, 
5. Y.M. Kanetkar : Let us C.
6. Numerical Methods E.Balaguruswamy, Tata Mcgraw hill publishing company.
7. Computational Physics,  H.C. Verma.
8. Numerical Methods, Schaum Series

 M. Sc. II Physics
Paper-XII (Elective)
Structures,  Spectra and Properties of Biomolecules

Unit-I

Structural aspects of biomolecules: Conformational principle, confirmation and configuration isomers and derivatives, structure of polyneucleotides, structure of polypeptides, primary secondary tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins, structure of polysaccharides.

Unit-II
Theoretical techniques and their applications to biomolecules: Hard sphere approximations, Ramachandran plots, Potential energy surfaces, outlines of molecular mechanics methods,

Unit-III
Semi-empirical and ab-intio quantum theoretical method, molecular charge distribution, molecular electrostatic potentials and fields and their uses.

Unit-IV

Spectroscopic techniques and their applications to biomolecules: Use of NMR in elucidation of molecular structure, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, circular-dichroism laser Raman spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, photo-acoustic spectroscopy, photo-biological aspects of nucleic acid.

Unit-V

Structure function relationship and modeling: Molecular recognition, hydrogen bonding, Lipophilic pockets on receptors, drugs and their principles of action, lock and key model and induced fit model.

Text Book and References

1.   Structural aspects of biomolecules : Srinivasan and Pattabhi
2.   Conformation of biological molecules : Govil & Hosur
3.   Basic molecular biology : Price
4.   Quantum mechanics of biological molecules : Pullman
5.   Biological chemistry : Mehar & Cordes
6.   Molecular photobiology : Smith and Hanawalt

M. Sc. –II Physics
Paper-XIII (Elective)
Diagram Techniques

Unit-I

Formalism of second quantization: Quantum mechanical many body problem, Boson and Fermion systems, Creation and annihilation operators, Commutation relations, Vacuum state. 

 

Unit-II

The Hamiltonian in terms of creation and annihilation operators and its matrix elements for the simple cases of one- and two particle systems. Time Dependent Operators: Schrodinger, Heisenberg and Interaction picture, Time development operator (TDO), its properties and equation of motion,

Unit-III

The integral equation for TDO and formal solution by iterative method, Dyson chronological operator, S-matrix expansion, Universality of S-Matrix Transition matrix, The adiabatic hypothesis and correspondence with usual perturbation theory.

Unit-IV
Introduction to Graphs: Creation and destruction operator in the interaction picture, Particle and hole operators. Reduction of chronological products. Normal product. Contraction of operators and Wick’s theorem. Graphical representation of the expansion. First order graphs, Higher order graphs, The interaction term and ground state energy. Evaluation of the contributions of various graphs to the perturbation series; Linked and unlinked diagrams.

Unit-V
Introduction to Green’s Function: Differential equation and their Green’s functions. Examples of time independent Schrodinger equation, Resolvent operators. The single particle Green’s function. Physics interpretation. Fourier transform of the Green’s functions.  Lehmann Representation and Kramer-Kronig relationship.  Analytic properties and physical meaning of the poles, Relation between Green’s function and the properties of the ground state. Its relation with elementary excitations. Concept of quasi particles.

Text Book and References

1. Raimes: Many Electron Theory
2. Mandl: Introduction to Quantum Field theory
3. Abrikosov: Quantum Field Theoretical Methods in statistical physics
4. Fretter, Young & Sampantha: The Many Body problems in quantum mechanics

5.   MattuchL Feynman Diagram Techniques.

M. Sc. II Physics
Paper-XIV (Elective)
Atmospheric Science

Unit-I.
Physical Meteorology : Atmospheric composition, law of thermodynamics of the atmosphere, Adiabatic process, potential temperature. The clauses clapyeron equation, law of black body radiation, solar and terrestrial radiation, Albedo, Green house effect, Heat balance of earth atmosphere system.
Atmospheric Pollution: Role of meteorology on atmospheric pollution, Atmospheric boundary layer, air stability, local wind structure, Ekman spiral, turbulence boundary layer scaling.
Residence time and reaction rates of pollutants, sulphour compounds, carbon compounds, organic compounds, aerosols, toxic gases and radio active particles trace gases.

Unit-II.           
Dynamic Meteorology: Fundamental forces, non-inertial reference frames and apparent forces, structure of static atmosphere. Momentum, continuity and energy equations, thermodynamics of the dry atmosphere, elementary applications of the basic equations. The circulation theorem, voracity, potential voracity and potential voracity equations.

Unit-III.
Monsoon Dynamics: Wind, temperature and pressure distribution over India in the lower,, middle and upper atmosphere during pre- post- and mid-monsoon season, Monsoon circulation in the meridonal (Y-Z) and zonal (X-Y) planes, energy cycle of monsoon, Dynamics of monsoon depression and easterly waves, Intra seasonal and interannual variability of monsoon, Quasi-be weekly and 30-60 day oscillations. ENSO & dynamical mechanism for their existence

Unit-IV.          
Numerical Methods for Atmospheric Models: Filtering of sound and gravity waves, filtered forecast equations, basic concepts of quasi-geotrohic and primitive equation models, one level and multi-level models, Basic concepts of initialization and objective analysis for wave equation, advection equation and diffusion equation

Unit-V.
Atmospheric Instrumentation systems.: Ground based instruments for the measurement of temperature, pressure, humidity, wind and rainfall rate.
Air born instruments, Radiosonde, Rawinsonde, Rockestsonde-satellite instrumentation (space born instruments)
Radar Meteorology: Basic meteorology, radar principles and technology, radar signal processing

Text Book and References

1. The Atmosphere by Frederick K. Lutgens and Edward J. Tarbuk (For Ch-VI)
2. Dynamic Meteorology by Holton, J.R. 3rd Eddition, Academic Press NY (1992)
3. Physics of Mansoons, by R.N.Keshvamurthy and M.Shankar Rao, Allied Publisher(1992) Ch-3
4. Numerical Weather Predication by G.J.Haltiner and R.T.Villians,John Wiley & Sons (1980) Ch-4
5. Principles of Air Pollution meteorology by Tom Lyons and Prillscott, CBS publishers
6. Radar Meteorology by Henry Saugageot.

M. Sc. II Physics
Paper-XV (Elective)
Plasma Physics

 

Unit-I

Production of Plasma in laboratory. Physics of glow discharge, electron emission, ionization, breakdown of gases, Paschens law and different regimes of E/p in a discharge, Townsend discharge and the evolution of a discharge.
Plasma diagnostics: Probes, energy analyzers, magnetic probes and optical diagnostics, preliminary concepts.

Unit-II
Single particle orbit theory: Drift of charged particles under the effect of different combinations of electric and magnetic fields. Crossed electric and magnetic fields. Homogeneous electric and magnetic fields, spatially varying electric and magnetic fields, time varying electric and magnetic fields, particle motion in large amplitude waves.
Fluid description of plasmas: distribution function and Liouvilles equation

Unit-III
Waves in fluid plasmas: dielectric constant of field free plasma, plasma oscillations, space charge waves of warm plasma, dielectric constant of a cold magnetized plasma
Stability of fluid plasma: The equilibrium of plasma, plasma instabilities, stability analysis, two stream instability of Alfven waves, Plasma supported against gravity of magnetic field, energy principles

Unit-IV
Kinetic description of plasma: microscopic equations for many body systems, statistical equations for a many body system, Vlasov equation and its properties, drift kinetics equation and its properties.
Waves in Vlasov Plasma: Vlasov equation and its linearization, solutions of linearized Vlasov equation, theories of Langumuir waves, Landau damping, Ion acoustic waves, drift waves in magnetized plasma

Unit-V
Non-linear plasma theories: Non liner electrostatic waves, solitons, shocks, non-linear Landau damping.
Thermo-nuclear fusion: Status, problems and technological requirements.
Applications of cold low pressure and thermal plasmas.

Text Book and References

1. Introduction to Plasma Physics, FF Chen
2. Principles of plasma Physics, Krall and Trieveliece
3. Introduction to Plasma theory; D R Nicholson
4. The Plasma state: J.L. Shohet
5. Introduction to plasma physics; M. Uman
6. Principles of plasma diagnostic, I H Hutchinson
7. Plasma diagnostic techniques, RH Huddelstone and SL Leonard

M. Sc. II Physics
Paper-XVI (Elective)
Environmental Physics

Unit-I

Essentials of Environmental physics: Structure and thermodynamics of the atmosphere, composition of air, green house effect, Transport of matter, energy and momentum in nature, stratification and stability of atmosphere, laws of motion, hydrostatic equilibrium, General circulation of the tropics, Elements of weather and climate of India.

Unit-II
Solar and terrestrial radiations: Physics of radiations, interaction of light with matter, Rayleigh and Mie scattering, Laws of radiation (Kirchoffs law, Planks law, Beers law, Wiens displacement law, etc.) solar and terrestrial spectra, UV radiation, Ozon depletion problem, IR absorption energy balance of the earth atmosphere system.

Unit-III
Environmental pollution and degradation: Elementary fluid dynamics, diffusion, turbulence and turbulent diffusion, factors governing air, water, and noise pollution, air and water quality standards, waste disposal heat island effect, land and sea breeze, puffs and plumes and gases and particulate matter, wet and dry depositions.

Unit-IV
Environmental changes and remote sensing: Energy sources and combustion processes, renewable sources of energy, solar energy, wind energy, bio-energy, Hydropower, fuel cells, Nuclear energy, Forestry and bio-energy. 

Unit-V
Global and regional climate:  Element of weather and climate stability and vertical motion of air, horizontal motion of air and water, pressure gradient forces, viscous forces, inertia forces, Reynolds number, enhanced green house effect, energy balance, A zero-dimensional green house model. Global climate model.

Text Book and References

1. The atmosphere, Fedrick K. Lutegens and Edward J. Tarbuk (Ch I and VI)
2. Dynamic Metrology by Holton J.R. (Third Edition), Academic Press, NY (1992)
3. The Physoics of monsoon, R.N. Keshavamurthy and M. shanka Rao, Allied Publisher (1992) for Ch-III
4. Numerical weather predication by G.J. haltiner and R.T. Villians, John Wiley and Sons (1980) for Ch-IV
5. Principle of air pollution metrology by Tom Lyons and Prillscott, CBS Publisher & distributors
6. Radar metrology by Henry Saugageot.

 

M. Sc. II Physics
Paper-XVII (Elective)
Displays Physics and Technology

Unit-I
Display Characteristics: Parameters characterizing a display. Human eye, Watt and the steredian, the spectral perception sensitivity of the human eye leading to lumen, candela and lux. Performance of a display, contrast ratio, viewing angel and aperture ration of a pixel.

Display Technologies Overview: Survey over flat panel technologies. Liquid crystal displays, plasma displays, flat CRTs as an off-spring of classical CRTs, vacuum fluorescent displays, field emitter displays, and electro-luminescent displays.

 

 

Unit-II
LCDs, Liquid Crystal Displays: LCDs -non-emissive displays. Crystalline structure and the main properties of nematic, twisted nematic, smectic C and C*, cholesteric and ferroelectric liquid crystals and their electro-optical effects. Passive Matrix LCDs (PM-LCDs) with Super Twist-Nematic Materials (STM) and their addressing with the limitations in multiplexing. Compensation foils, the black state of a display, reflective polarizers , brightness enhancement foils (BEFs). Light control films, displays bistable at zero field,  stabilized cholesteric and ferroelectric displays and the waveforms of their addressing circuits.
AM-LCDs, Active Matrix Displays: Active Matrix LCDs (AM-LCDs). Fabrication, addressing and the compensation of parasitic effects. Transmissive and reflective displays for stationary and portable systems as well as light-valves in projectors. Battery operated displays, power saving addressing schemes. PM- and AM-LCDs with plastic substrates, and their application - especially for portable systems. The fabrication of color filters, the cell assembly.

Unit-III
Phosphor Materials: Phosphors, wide variety of phosphor materials. Phosphor excitation mechanisms of luminescence, electro-luminescence, vacuum fluorescence and gas discharge. Materials chemistry, phosphor processing, phosphor doping or activation, phosphor luminous, and voltage and current sensitivity. Coulomb aging and thermal effects . Limits of phosphor performance relative to contrast ratio and gray scale.
FED, Field Emitter Displays: Field emitter displays (FED). Emitter materials, such as metal, silicon, diamond, and negative electron affinity materials, fabrication of cathodes. Processing,  tip formation and sharpening, gate electrode design, and fabrication process control etc. FED design considerations, performance parameters, failure mechanisms, and future challenges.

Unit-IV
Emissive Displays: Electro-luminescent, Light-Emitting Diode and Plasma Displays 
All aspects of electro-luminescent, LED and plasma displays, including the theory of operation, performance, fabrication techniques, failure modes and market applications. Electro-luminescent displays, AC thin film electro-luminescent displays, DC and powder EL displays. Recent advances in GaN-based LED technology and  its implications for the display market. Physical structure, performance, panel size, environmental issues, failure modes, and color. Current and future performance.
OLED, Organic Light Emitting Diode Displays: Small molecule and polymer based organic light emitting device technologies. Understanding of the device operation including basic interface properties, carrier transport and materials. Passive matrix (PM) and Active matrix (AM) addressing schemes. Phosphorescent organic displays, novel device architectures and flexible OLED displays.

Unit-V
Alternative Display Technologies: Projection displays. Performance characteristics of current projection systems based on CRTs, liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS), and digital light processing. Advantages of all-digital systems for projection devices. Head mounted displays. Operating characteristics of head-mounted display technologies based on LCOS, active-matrix EL, and direct retinal scanning.
The Technology of Printable Electronics: Printing technology for printable electronics, Reel to reel printing, Ink-jet printing: current status, Ink-jet printing: future evolution and requirements, Nanoimprint lithography,Offset lithography, Flexographic printing, Future printing technologies. Materials for printable electronics, Conductive and semiconductive inks, Substrates, Other material requirements, Impact of emerging nanomaterials. Thin-film transistors, Displays and “electronic paper” .

Text Book and References

1.Handbook of Display Technology (Illustrated), By Joseph A. Castellano
Hardcover  / 341Pages  / Academic Pr  /  April 1992  /  0121634205.

• Flat Panel Display Handbook: Technology Trends & Fundamentals
  By Brian T. Fedrow (Editor) Paperback  /  Stanford Resources Inc  /  January 1999  
• Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays By Shin-Tson Wu, Deng-Ke Yang Hardcover  /  John Wiley & Sons Inc  /  June 2001 .
• Electronic Displays: Technology, Design and Applications By Jerry C. Whitaker Hardcover  /  McGraw-Hill  /  January 1994  
• Applications for Electronic Displays: Technologies and Requirements (Illustrated)
  By Sol Sherr Hardcover  /  351 Pages  /  Wiley-Interscience  /  March 1998  
• Materials for Display and Printing Technologies By Land Hardcover  /  Elsevier Science Ltd  /  May 2000  
• Electronic Display Measurement: Concepts, Techniques, and Instrumentation (Illustrated)
  By Peter A. Keller, Society for Information Display Hardcover  /  326 Pages  /  Wiley-Interscience  /  September 1997  / 
• Projection Displays (Illustrated) By Edward H. Stupp (Editor), Matthew S. Brennesholtz (Editor)
  Hardcover  /  418 Pages  /  John Wiley & Son Ltd  / 
• Advanced Flat Panel Display Technologies By Peter S. Friedman (Editor)
  Paperback  /  Society of Photo Optical  /  February 1994  /  0819414697
• Printed Organic and Molecular Electronics      Author(s): Gamota, Daniel; Brazis, Paul; Kalyanasundaram, Krishna; Zhang, Jie /1st Edition ISBN:  1402077076  
• Phosphor handbook- By Shigu. Shionoya and W.M. Yen, CRC Press 

M. Sc. II Physics
Paper-XVIII (Elective)
Molecular Electronics

Unit-I:
Fundamental aspects of molecular electronics:

Unit-II
Electron transport in molecules:

Unit-III
Molecular self-assembly and nanofabrication, single molecule detection and manipulation.

Unit-IV
 Molecular wires, quantum dots, switches and motors

Unit-V
DNA computing, nanotubes and organic transistors, DNA transistor

Text Book and References

There is no prescribed textbook for the course, but following are the reference books and materials.

• Molecular Electronics  Author(s): Jortner, J.; Ratner, M.; Jortner,   Joshua  /  1st Edition
• Dna-based Molecular Electronics: International Symposium On Dna-based Molecular Electronics Author(s): Fritzsche,   Wolfgang  /  1st Edition
• Introduction to Molecular Electronics,  Author(s): Petty, M. C. and M. Bryce (Oxford University Press, New York)  /  1st Edition
• Materials, Physics and Devices for Molecular Electronics and Photonics ,  Author(s): Zyss,   J.; Garnier, F.  /  ISBN:  0444205195 
• Molecular Electronics: Materials and Methods ,  Author(s): Lazarev,  P.I.  /  ISBN: 0792311965 / 
• Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology, Author(s): Aviram, Ari;    Ratner, Mark  /  1st Edition  ISBN:  0801863023 / 
• Molecular Electronics: Properties, Dynamics, and Applications  Author(s): Mahler,  Gunter;   May, Volkhard; Schreiber,   Michael  /  ISBN:  0824795261 /  Hardcover /  02/01/1996
• Organic Conductors, Superconductors, and Magnet: From synthesis to molecular electronics,    Author(s): Ouahab, L. and Yagubskii, E.  /  1st Edition ISBN:  1402019424 /  Paperback /  04/01/2004
• Electronic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems Supriyo Datta  Cambridge University Press 1995
• Physical and Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes  R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, M.S. Dresselhaus, Imperial College Press 1998
• Molecular Electronics: Commercial Insights, Chemistry, Devices, Architecture  and  Programming, J M Tour, World Scientific, Singapore, 2003, ISBN
• Nanotechnology: basic science and emerging technologies / Michael Wilson Boca Raton : Chapman & Hall/CRA, c2002
• Molecular Electronics and Molecular Electronic Devices Author(s): Sienicki, Kristof, ISBN:  0849380618, Pub. Date:  4/1/1993,  Publisher(s): CRC Pr I Llc

M.Sc. -II (Physics)
Paper-XIX (Elective)
Materials Science

Unit-I.
Phase diagrams: The phase rule, free energy composition diagram, correlation between free energy and phase diagram, calculation of phase boundaries, thermodynamics of solutions, single component system, two component system containing two phases and three phases, Binary phase diagrams of Cu-Ni and Sb-Bi systems, lever principle, maximum, minimum, super lattice, miscibility gap, microstructure changes during cooling, application to zone refining.
Phase transformations: Time scale for phase changes, peritectic reaction, eutectoide and eutectic transformations, order disorder transformation, transformation diagrams, dendritic structure in alloys, transformation on heating and cooling, grain size effect on rate of transformation at constant temperature and on continuous cooling, grain size effect on rate of transformation, nucleation kinetics, growth kinetics, interface kinetics leading to the crystal growth.

Unit - II:
Diffusion  in solids:  Ficks laws and their solutions, the Kirkendall effect, mechanism of diffusion, temperature dependence of diffusion co-efficient, self diffusion, interstitial diffusion, the Snoek effect diffusion, diffusion in ionic crystals, diffusion path other than the crystal lattice, thermal vibrations and activation energy, diffusion of carbon in Iron.
Solid electrolytes: Theory of solid electrolytes, solid state batteries, solar cells and their applications.
 
Unit-III:
Preparative methods: Solid State reaction, epitaxy, topotaxy, examples of solid state reactions, Li4SiO4, YBa2Cu3O7, Na b/b alumina.
Sol-gel methods- synthesis of MgAl2O4 synthesis of silica glass - spinning of alumina fibers -preparation of indium tin oxide (ITO) and other coating Fabrication of YSZ ceramics preparation of alumina based abrasives.
Use of homogeneous, single source precursors Hydrothermal synthesis Intercalation and deintercalation vapor phase transport Combustion synthesis Crystal growth techniques High pressure methods.
Film deposition techniques and processes: Introduction, vacuum systems Evaporation Molecular beam epitaxy Sputter deposition Chemical vapor deposition Laser ablation Electroplating.

Unit-IV:
Electroactive polymers: Conducting polymers redox polymers and conjugated polymers: Preparation chemical and electrochemical synthesis coating methods polyaromatic polymer films linear polyene polymers synthesis, characterization, redox properties, charge transport mechanism and applications with special reference to nafion.    
Properties of materials: Dielectric behaviors of materials Polarization phenomenon spontaneous polarization dielectric constant and loss Piezo- and Ferro-electricity.
Luminescence: Characteristic luminescence KCl, ZnS phosphors, growth decay, quenching and simulation. 
Mechanical properties of materials Concept of stress and strain elastic properties  - tensile properties Hardness
Corrosion and degradation of materials electrochemical considerations passivity forms of corrosion corrosion inhibition.

Unit-V:
Solid state characterization techniques: X-ray diffraction – Introduction – basic principles – experimental considerations – applications, structure determination, phase analysis, grain size analysis.
Microscopic techniques – SEM, AFM and STEM.
Thermal analysis – Principle and applications of thermo-gravometric analysis – differential thermal analysis – differential scanning calorimetry.
Spectroscopic techniques – Photoacoustic spectroscopy – principle – instrumentation-applications.
Photoelectron spectroscopy – Instrumentation – solid state surface studies – surface charging and calibration problems – Valence energy level studies – UV photoelectron spectra – X-ray photoelectron spectra – Auger electron spectroscopy.

Reference and Text Books:

• Basic Solid State Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Anthony R. West, John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
• New Directions in Solid State Chemistry, C.N.R Rao and J. Gopalkrishnan, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.
• Chemical approaches to the synthesis of inorganic materials, C.N.R. Rao Wiley Eastern Ltd. 1994.
• Materials Science and Engineering – An Introduction, W.D. Callister Jr. John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
• Materials Science, J. C. Anderson, K. D. Leaver, R.D. Rawlings and J.M. Alexander, 4th Edition, Chapman & Hall (1994).
• Encyclopedia of Materials Characterization by C. Richards Brundle, C.A. Evans. Jr and S. Wilson, Butterworth, 1992.
• Spectroscopy Vol 3. B.P. Straughan and S. Walker, Chapman and Hall, 1976.
• Spectroscopy in Catalysis, J.W. Niemantsverdriet, VCH, 1995.
• Instrumental Methods of analysis, Willard, Merritt, Dean and Settle, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, Sixth Edition, 1986.
• P. Ganguly and C.N.R. Rao.”Photoacoustic spectroscopy of solids and surfaces: Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci) 99(1981)153-214.
• Chemistry of Advance Materials – An overview, Leonard V. Interrante and Mark J. Hampden-Smith (Ed) Wiley-VCH, 1998.
• Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology, Hari Singh Nalwa, Academic Press (1998).
• Environmental photochemistry with semiconductor nanoparticles by P.V. Kumar and K. Vinodgopal in Organic and Inorganic Photochemistry edited by V. Ramamurthy and Kirk S. Schanze, Marcel Dekker Inc (1998).
• Advances in Polymer Science – Vol 84 (1988) Following articles (i) Electrochemistry and electrode applications of Electroactive/conductive polymer – A.F. Diaz, J.F. Rubinson and H.B. Mark, JA (ii) Polymer coated electrodes: New materials for science and industries, M. Kaneko and D. Wohrle.
• Application of Electroactive polymers – Bruno Scrosati, Chapman & Hall (1993)
• Electrochemical Science and Technology of Polymers Vol. 1 & 2 – R.G. Linford, Elsevier (1990).

M.Sc. -II (Physics)
Paper-XX (Elective)
X-ray spectroscopy

Unit I
Production of X-rays and Physical Crystallography: Various types of demountable and sealed X-ray tubes. Production of X-rays. Efficiency of X-ray production. Continuous and characteristic X-ray spectra. X-ray emission from thick and thin targets. High tension and vacuum techniques.
Isochromats: Principles of Bremsstrahlung and characteristic isochromats.
Synchrotron radiation: Production and properties of radiation from storage rings, Insertion devices. Pelletron as source of X-rays.
Classification of crystals. Symmetry elements. Crystal systems. Point groups. Space groups. Reciprocal lattice.

Unit II
Absorption of X-rays and X-ray Fluorescence: Absorption of X-rays. Physical process of x-ray absorption. Measurement of X-ray absorption coefficients. Units of dose and intensity. Radiography. Microradiography and their applications.
X-ray fluorescence. Auger effect. Fluorescence yield. X-ray fluorescence analysis and its applications.
Techniques and applications of Auger electron spectroscopy. Photoelectron spectroscopy. Proton induced X-ray emission. Electron probe micro analyser.

Unit III
X-ray Spectroscopy:    Experimental techniques of wavelength and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Bragg and double crystal spectrometers. Focussing spectrographs. Tangential incidence grating spectrographs. Methods of detection and measurement.
X-ray emission and absorption spectra. Energy level diagram. Dipole, forbidden and satellite lines. Regular and irregular doublets. Relative intensity of X-ray lines.
Chemical effects in X-ray spectra. Fine structures (XANES and EXAFS) associated with the absorption edges and their applications. X-ray spectroscopy with synchrotron sources. Soft X-ray spectroscopy of the solid state.

Unit IV
Scattering and Dispersion of X-rays: Scattering of X-rays. Thomson scattering. Polarisation of X-rays. Compton scattering. Wave mechanical treatment of scattering. Scattering by a pair of electrons. Scattering by a helium atom. Scattering by many electrons. Raman’s theory of X-ray scattering. Experiments on scattering by monatomic and polyatomic gases, liquids and amorphous solids. 
Dispersion theory applied to X-rays. Calculation of the dielectric constant. Refraction of X-rays. Methods for measurement of refractive index. X-ray optics and X-ray microscopy.

Unit V
Diffraction of X-rays: Diffraction of X-rays by crystals. Atomic and crystal structure factors. Amplitude of scattering by a crystal. Different factors affecting the intensity of diffraction lines.
The integrated intensity of reflection. Temperature effect. Debye-Waller factor.
Experimental methods of structure analysis. Laue method. Debye Scerrer method. Rotation–oscillation method. Weisenberg camera. Electron density projections in crystals.
Principles of energy dispersive and time analysis diffractometry.
Structures of metals and alloys. Phase transformations. Order-diosrde phenomenon. Super lattice lines. Determination of grain size. Study of nano- particles.
Use of synchrotron radiation in structural studies.
Electron and neutron diffraction techniques and their applications. Comparison with X-ray diffraction.
Small angle X-ray and neutron scattering and their applications.

Text and Reference Books

• A.H. Compton and S.K. Allison: X-rays in Theory and Experiment
• G.L. Clark: Applied X-rays
• Sproull: X-rays
• J.A. Nielsen and D. Mc Morrow: Elements of Modern X-ray Physics
• A.G. Michette and C.J. Buckley: X-ray Science and Technology
• M.A. Blokhin: X-ray Spectroscopy
• B.K. Agarwal: X-ray Spectroscopy
• E.P. Bertin: Principles and Practice of X-ray Spectrometric Analysis
• L.V. Azaroff: X-ray Spectroscopy
• C. Bonnelle and C. Mande: Advances in X-ray Spectroscopy
• D.C. Koningsberger and R. Prins: X-ray Absorption Principles, Applications, Techniques of EXAFS, SEXAFS and XANES
• N.F.M. Henry, H. Lipson and W.A. Wooster: The interpretation of X-ray Diffraction Photographs
• K. Lonsdale: Crystals and X-rays
• B.D. Cullity: Elements of X-ray Diffraction
• M.M. Woollfson: X-ray Crystallography
• M.J. Buerger: X-ray Crystallography
• C. Kunz: Synchrotron Radiation
• Bacon: Neutron Physics

M. Sc. –II Physics
Paper-XXI (Elective)
Laser & Laser Applications and Fibre Optics

Laser Applications

Unit-I
Laser characteristics: Gaussian beam and its properties, Stable two minor optical resonators, Longitudinal and transverse modes of laser cavity, Mode selection, Gain in the regenerative laser cavity, Threshold for 3 and 4 levels laser systems, mode locking pulse shortening pico-second and femto-second operations, Spectral narrowing and stabilization

Unit-II
Laser system: Ruby laser, Nd-YAG Laser, Semiconductor lasers, Diode pump solid state lasers, Nitrogen laser, Carbon dioxide laser, Excimer laser, Dye laser, high power laser systems.

Unit-III
Laser spectroscopic techniques and other applications: Laser fluorescence and Raman scattering and their use in pollution studies, non-linear interaction of light with matter, Laser induced multi-photon processes and their applications, Ultra high resolution spectroscopy with lasers and its applications,

Unit-IV
Propagation of light in a medium with variable refractive index, optical fibers, light wave communication, qualitative of medical and engineering applications of lasers.
Basic characteristics of optical fiber: Numerical aperture, Coherence bundle, Attenuation in optical fiber,  Pulse dispersion in step index optical fiber, Loss mechanism

Unit-V
Propagation characteristics:  Scalar modes in weakly guiding approximation, Model analysis for a step index fiber, Fraction model power in the core.
Single mode fiber: Gaussian approximation, Splice loss, Petermann-2 spot size, Far field patter.
Graded index fiber: Model analysis of parabolic index fiber, LPlm modes, Multimode fibers with optimum profiles.   

 

Text Book and References

1.   Laser: Svelto
2.   Optical electronics: Wariv
3.   Laser spectroscopy: Demtroder
4.   Non-linear spectroscopy: Etekhov
5.   Introduction to Fiber optics, A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge University Press.

M. Sc. –II Physics
Paper-XXII (Elective)
Quantum Many-body Physics & Nonlinear Dynamics

Quantum Many Body Physics

Unit-I 
Formation of second quantization: Wavefunctions for identical particles, symmetrized basis for Fermions and Bosons, one particle & two-particle operators and their matrix elements in symmetrized basis, Number space representation of the basis, creation and annihilation operators. Equation of motion for operators in umber space.
Simple applications: Electron gas: Hartee Fock approximation, ground stage energy and single particle energy in Paramagnetic and Ferromagnetic states. Role of exchange term, Ground state of interacting Bosons, Bose-einstein condensate. Spectrum of elementary excitations. Superfluidity.

Unit-II
Green’s functions and Linear response theory:  One particle and two particle Green’s functions, Ground state energy and linear response in terms of Green’s functions, Analytic properties of Green’s functions.
Perturbation theory: Interaction representation, Gall-Mann-Low theorem for ground state energy, Perterbation expansion for Green’s functions, Wick’s theorem, digrametic representation, Dyson’s equation, self energy, polarization.
Application to interacting Fermi gas: Dilute Fermi gas, Landau theory, screening of Coulomb interaction. 

Nonlinear Dynamics

Unit-III
Introduction to Dynamical systems: Physics of non-linear systems, dynamical equations and constants of motion, phase space, fixed points, stability analysis, bifurcations and their classifications. Poincare section and iterative map.

 

Unit-IV
Dissipative systems: One-dimensional noninvertible maps, simple and strange attractors, iterative maps, period doubling and universality, intermittency, invariant measure, Lyapunov exponents, higher-dimensional systems, Henon map, Lorentz equation, Fractal geometry, generalized dimensions, examples of fractals.

Unit-V
Hamiltonian systems: Integrability, Liouville theorem, action-angle variables, introduction to perturbation techniques, KAM theorem, area preserving maps, concepts of chaos and stochasticity.
Advance topics: One selection from quantum chaos, cellular automata and couples map lattice, solitons and completely integrability systems, turbulence.

Text Book and References

• Oercival and D. Richards: Introduction to Dynamics
• E.A. Jackson: Nonlinear Dynamics I & II
• R.L. Devaney: Introduction to dynamical systems.
• Hao Bai-lin: Chaos
• A.J. Lichtenberg and M.A. Lieberman: Regular and stochastic motion
• M.C. Gutzwiller: Chaos in classical and quantum mechanics
• E. Ott and M. Tabor

M. Sc. -II (Physics)
Paper-XXIII (Optional)
Condensed Matter Physics-I

Unit-I
Lattice dynamics and optical properties of solids:  Inter-atomic forces and lattice dynamics of simple metals, Ionic and covalent crystals, Optical phonons and dielectric constants, Inelastic neutron scattering, Mossbauer effect, Debye-Waller factor. Anharmonicity, thermal expansion and thermal conductivity. Interaction of electrons and phonons with photons.  Direct and indirect transitions. Absorption in insulators,

Unit-II
Polaritons, one-phonon absorption, optical properties of metals, skin effect and anomalous skin effect. Electron-Phonon Interaction:  Interaction of electrons with acoustic and optical phonons. Superconductivity: manifestations of energy gap. Cooper pairing due to phonons, BCS theory of superconductivity, Ginzsburg-Landau theory and application to Josephson effect: d-c Josephson effect, a-c Josephson effect, macroscopic quantum interference.

Unit-III
Vortices and type II superconductors, high temperature superconductor (elementary).

Crystal Physics and X-ray Crystallography: External symmetry elements of crystals. Concept of point group. Influence of symmetry on physical properties; Electrical conductivity. Space groups, derivation of equivalent point positions (with examples from triclinic systems), experimental determination of space group. Principle of powder diffraction method, interpretation of powder photographs, Analytical indexing,

Unit-IV
Ito’s method accurate determination of lattice parameters, Least squares method, Application of powder method, Oscillations and Buerger’s precession methods, Determination of relative structure amplitudes from measured intensities (Lorentz and polarization factor), Fourier representation of electron density, The phase problem, Patterson function.

Unit-V
Exotic solids: Structure and symmetries of liquids, liquid crystal and amorphous solids, aperiodic solids and quasicrystals, Fibonaccy sequence, Penrose lattices and their extension to three dimentions, special carbon solids, Fullerenes, tubules, formation characterization of fullerenes and tubules, Single wall and multi-wall carbon tubules, electronic properties of tubules, Carbon nano-tubules based electronic devices, Definition of properties of nanostructures materials, method of synthesis of nanostructures materials, special experimental technique for characterisation of nanostructures materials, Quantum size effect and its applications.

 

Text and Reference Books

• Medelung – Introduction to solid state theory
• Callaway – Quantum theory of Solid state
• Huang – Theoretical solid state physics
• Kittel- Quantum theory of solids.
• X-ray crystallography :Azaroff
• Elementary dislocation theory :Weertman & Weertman
• Crystallography for solid state physics: Verma and Srivastava
• Solid state Physics : Kittel
• The powder method : Azaroff & Buerger
• Crystal structure analysis: Buerger
• Elementary solid state physics: Omar
• The physics of quasicrystals: Editors. Steinhardt and Ostulond
• Handbook of Nanostructured  materials and Nanotechnology (Vol 1 to 4):Editor Hari Singh Nalwa.

 

M. Sc. -II (Physics)
Paper-XXIV (Optional)
Condensed Matter Physics-II

Unit-I:
Electron in solids and surface states: Interacting electron gas Hrtree and Hartree Fock approximations. Correlation energy, screening, plasma oscillations, dielectric function of an electron gas in random phase approximations, limiting cases and Friedel oscillations, strongly interacting Fermi systems, elementary introduction to Landau’s quasi particle theory of a Fermi liquid, Strongly correlated electron gas, elementary ideas regarding surface states, metallic surfaces and surface reconstructions.

Unit-II:
Imperfection in crystals: Point defects, shallow impurity states in semiconductors, localized lattice vibration states in solids, vacancies interstitials and color centers in ionic crystals. Mechanism of plastic deformation in solids, stress and strain field of screw and edge dislocations, elastic energy of dislocations, forces between dislocations. Stress needed to operate Frank-Read source, Dislocations in fcc, hcp and bcc lattices, Partial dislocations and stacking fault in closed pack structures.

Unit-III
Disordered systems: Disorder in condensed matter substitutional positional and topographical disorder, short and long-range order, atomic correlation function and structural description of glasses and liquids.
Andersons model for random system and electron localization, mobility edge, qualitative application of the idea to the amorphous semiconductors and hopping conduction.

Unit-IV:
Films and surfaces: Study of surface topography by multiple beam interferometry, condition for accurate determination of step height and film thickness (Fizeau fringes) Electrical conductivity of thin films, difference of behaviour of thin film from bulk, Boltzmann transport equation for a thin film ( For diffused scatting). Expression for electrical conductivity for thin film.

Unit-V:
Experimental methods of observing dislocation and stacking fault. Electron microscopy, kinematical theory of diffraction contrast and lattice imaging.
Elementary concept of surface crystallography, scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy. 

Text and Reference books.

1.   Quantum Theory of solids                      :    Kittel
2.   Theoretical solid state physics,               :    Huang
3.   Quantum theory of solid state                 :    Callaway         
4.   Introduction to solid state theory            :    Modelung
5.   X-ray crystallography                            :    Azaroff
6.   Elementary dislocation theory                  :    Weertman & Weertman
7.   Crystallography for solid state physics      :    Verma and Srivastava
8.   Solid state Physics                               :    Kittel
9.   The powder method                              :    Azaroff & Buerger
10.  Crystal structure analysis                      :    Buerger
11.  Transmission electron microscopy            :    Thomas
12.  Multiple beam interferometry                   :    Tolansky
13.  Thin films                                            :    Heavens
14.  Physics of thin films                              :    Chopra

 

M. Sc. -II (Physics)
Paper-XXV (Optional)
Informatics-I

 Materials and Data Communication

Unit-I
Semiconductor Quantum structures, Hetero-structures, Mismatch Hetero-structures, Coherently Strained structures, Partially relaxed strained layer structures, Methods of formation Hetero-structures, Some of the examples of h Hetero-structures, Bandgap engineering, Strained layer epitaxy, Light emitting diodes, Etched well surface emitting LED, Continuous operation lasers Hetero-quantum lasers, CW Hetero-quantum laser, Stripe Geometry.

 

Unit-II
Fourier series and transforms and their applications to data communication. Introduction to probability and random variables. Introduction to information theory and queuing theory.  Introduction and evolution of telecommunication, Fundamentals of electronic communication: Wired, Wireless, Satellite and optical fiber, Analog/digital, Serial/parallel, Simplex’half and full duplex, Synchronous/Asynchronous, Bit/baud rates, Parity and error control (CRC, LRC, ARQ,, etc), Signal to noise ratio, etc.

 

Unit-III
Transmission types, coded, modes, speed and throughput. Modulation types, techniques and standards. Base band and carrier communication, Detection, Interference, Noise signals and their characterization, phase locked loops.  Modems, Transmission media (guided & unguided), Common interface standards.

Internetworking Technology

Unit-IV
Introduction to Unix and shell scripting.  Conceptual framework of computer language. Introduction to C/C++. Data types and operators, Statements and control flow, Functions and programme structure, Strings, The preprocessor, Pointers, Memory allocation, Input and output, Sub program, Recursion, File access.

 

Unit-V
Object orientation concepts: classes, objects, methods and messages, encapsulation and inheritance, interface and implementation, reuse and extension of classes, inheritance and polymorphism; analysis and design; Notations for object-oriented analysis and design; Case studies and applications using some object oriented programming languages.
Introduction to web enabling technologies and authoring tools/languages (webcasting, database, integration, CGI, pen, Java, HTML, C++, etc.)

Text and Reference Books.
1.   Data communication : Reid and Bartskor
2.   Data Network: Gallager
3.   Data Communication : William Stalling
4.   Communication networks: Leon-Garcia and Widjaja
5.   Introduction to communication system: S. Haykins
6.   Analog and Digital Communication : S. Haykins
7.   Object oriented systems development using : Bahrami A. (McGraw Hill International)
      unified modeling language
8.   Object oriented analysis and design with : G. Booch (Addison Wesley 2nd Edn)
      Applications
9.   Beginning object oriented analysis and design : Lesse Liberty (Wrox Press)
      using C++
10.  An introduction to object oriented programming:Timpthy Budd (2nd Edn. Addison Wesley)

M. Sc. -II (Physics)
Paper-XXVI (Optional)
Informatics-II

Data Communication

 

Unit-I

Multiplexing (FDM, TDM), Switching paradigms (circuit, packet and cell switching), Propagation delay, Clock Synchronization, Network access control (centralized, decentralized, distributed). Overview of satellite communication. Broadcast channels and optical fiber communication system. Power and energy spectra, Distortion less transmission, Signal distortion over a channel.

Unit-II

Bandwidth and rate of transmission, Communication in Noisy channels, Optimum signal detection, Channel capacity, Hartley Shannon law, Error correcting codes, Error control, Line control, Rate control, Repeaters, Concentrators, Regenerators, Link behaviour, Pe, Burst error, Optimum pocket size, Error control, Elementary coding ideas, ATM as a transport mechanism, An overview of telecom network, ISDN.

Internetworking Technology

Unit-III

Network types and architecture (Broad cast, multicast, LAN, WAN, MAN, topology, token ring, FDDI, Cabling) Protocols, interfaces and services, X.25, ISDN, ATM, VPN, frame relay, wireless transmission bridges, TCP/IP and ISOOSI models, Routing, Congestion and flow control, tunneling, internet work routings, data link protocols, multiple access protocols, TCP, UDP transport layer error recovery, application layer services and protocols, IP addressing, network security.

Unit-IV

Evaluation of internet, internet architecture; goals and key issues related to internetworking technologies. Internet connectivity (dial up, dedicated lines, broad band, DSL, radio, VSAT, etc.). Internet security.
Multimedia, technique of data compression, voice, radio, Mbone interactive radio on demand over the internet. Mobile computing.

Unit-V

Fundamentals of network management (NM), Need for NM, element of NM system (Manager, agent and protocol, SNMP), Functional ideas of NM defined by ISO fault management. Configuration management, performance management, security management, accounting management, NM standards, TMN, web base NM (introduction). Case studies: HP open view, IBM net-view, SUN salaries enterprise manager.

Text and Reference Books.
1.Data communication : Reid and Bartskor
2.Data Network : Gallager
3.Data Communication : William Stalling
4.Communication networks : Leon-Garcia and Widjaja
5.Introduction to communication system : S. Haykins
6.Analog and Digital Communication : S. Haykins
7.Multimedia networking : Bohdan O Szuprowicz (Mc. Graw Hill, Singapore1995)
8.Internetworking technology handbook : Marilee Ford (CISCO Press, 1997)
9.Using SET for secure electronic commerce : Grady N. Drew (Printice Hall, 1998)
10.Advance data communication and networking : N. Buchanan (Chapman & Hall, London)
11.The complete guide to interactive corporate networks: Dave K. (John Wiley & Sons NY)
12.Computer networks : W. Stailing (PHI)
13.Computer networks : S. Keshav (Addison Wesley)

M. Sc. -II (Physics)
Paper-XXVII (Optional)
Electronics-I

 

Unit-I

Operational Amplifiers: Differential amplifier circuit configuration dual input balance out put differential amplifier, dc analysis, ac analysis, inverting and non-inverting inputs, CMRR, constant current bias level translator, Block diagram of a typical operational amplifier, analysis, open loop configuration, inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, operational amplifier with negative feedback, voltage sires feedback, effect of feedback on close loop gain, input resistance output resistance bandwidth and output offset voltage, voltage follower.

Practical operational amplifier, input offset voltage, input bias current, input off set current, total output off set voltage, CMRR, frequency response, dc and ac amplifier, summing, scaling and averaging amplifier, instrumentation amplifier, integrator and differentiator.
Oscillators principles- oscillator types, frequency stability, response, The phase shift oscillator, Wein bridge oscillator, LC tunable oscillator, multi-vibrators, mono-stable and astable, comparators, square wave and triangular wave generators, Voltage regulators, fixed regulators, and adjustable voltage regulators, switching regulators.

Unit-II
Communication electronics: Amplitude modulation, generation of AM waves, demodulation of AM waves, DS BSC modulation, generation of DSBSC waves, coherent detection of DSBSC wave, SSB modulation, generation and detection of SSB waves, Vestigial sideband modulation, frequency division multiplexing (FDM).
Satellite communication: Satellite communication, orbital satellite, geo-stationery satellite, orbital pattern, look angles, orbital spacing, satellite systems, link modules.
 

Unit-III
Digital Electronics: Combinational logic, A transistor as switch, OR, AND and NOT gates, NOR and NAND gates, Boolean algebra, De Morgan’s, theorem, Exclusive OR gate, Decoder/demultiplexer, Data selector/ multiplexer, Encoder

Sequential logic: Flip flops, 1 bit memory, the RS flip flop, JK flip-flop, JK master slave flip-flop, T flip-flop, D, flip-flop, Shift registers, synchronous and asynchronous counters, Cascade counters.
Microprocessor: Introduction to microcomputers, Memory, input-output devices, interfacing devices. 8085 CPU, architecture, bus timing, de-multiplexing, the address bus, generating control signals, instruction set, addressing modes, illustrative programmes, assembly language programmes, looping, counting and indexing, counters and timing delay, stack and sub-routings.

Unit-IV
Analog and digital system: Analog computation, active filters, comparators, logarithmic and antilogarithmic amplifier, sample and hold amplifier, waveform generators, square and triangular wave generator, Pulse generator, read only memory (ROM) and applications. Random access memory (RAM) and applications, Digital to analogue converters, ladder and weighted register types, analog to digital converters, counter types, successive approximations and dual slop converters, application of DAC and ADC, 

Opto-electronics: Photo-conductors and photo-resisters, junction photo-detector, Curcuit with LED tester, polarity and voltage tester, measuring instruments with LED indication,
LED, numeric and alpha numeric display unit, semiconductor switches and potential isolation, the photo-transistor as a switch in the opto-couplers, steady sate performance, dynamic performance, use of opto-couplers,

Unit-V
Microwave devices: Klystrons, magnetrons, and traveling wave tubes, velocity modulation, basic principle of two cavity klystrons and reflex klystrons, principle of operation of magnetrons, Helix traveling wave tubes, wave modes, transferred electron devices, gunn effect, principle of operation, modes of operation, read diode, IMPATT diode, TRAPATT diode,

Microwave communication: Advantage and disadvantage of microwave transmission, loss in free space propagation of microwaves, atmospheric effect on propagation, Fresnel zone problem, ground refection, fading sources, detector components, antennas used in microwave communication systems.

Radar System: Radar block diagram and operation, radar frequencies, pulse considerations, radar range equation, derivation of radar range equation, minimum detectable signal receive noise, signal to noise ratio, integration of radar pulses, radar cross section, pulse repetition frequency, antenna parameters, system losses and propagation losses, radar transmitters, receivers, antennas, display.

Text and Reference Books.
1.   Electronic devices and circuit theory: Robort Boylested and L. Nashdsky  (PHI, New Delhi)
2.   OP-Amps and linear integrated circuits : Ramakanth A. Gayakwad (PHI 2nd Edn)
3.   Digital principles and Applications: A.P. Malvino and D.P. Laach (Tata Ma-Graw Hill) 
4.   Microprocessor architecture, programming and Application with 8085/8086, Ramesh S. Gaonkar (Wiley-Estern)
5.   Microelectronics : Jacob Millman (Mc-Graw Hill Interna)
6.   Optoelectronics: Theory and Practices : Edited by Alien Chappal (Mc Graw Hill)
7.   Microwaves : K.L. Gupta (Wiley Ester New Delhi)
8.   Advanced electronics communication systems : Wayne Tomasi (Phi Edn)

M. Sc. -II (Physics)
Paper-XXVIII (Optional)
Electronics-II

Unit-I:
Digital Communication: Pulse modulation systems, sampling theorem, low-pass and band-pass signals, PAM channel bandwidth for a PAM signal, Natural sampling, flat top sampling, signal recovery through holding, quantization of signals, quantization, differential PCM delta modulation, adoptive delta modulation CVSD.

Digital modulation techniques.: BPSK, DPSK, QPSK, PSK, QASK, BFSK, FSK, MSK.
Mathematical representation of noise, sources of noise, frequency domain representation of noise, Effect of filtering on the probability density of Gaussian noise, Spectral component of noise, effect of filter on the power spectral density of noise, super position of noises, mixing involving noise, linear filtering, Noise bandwidth, Quadrature components of noise, power spectral density of nc (t), nst and their time derivatives.

Unit-II
Data transmission: Base band signal receiver, probability of error, optimum filter, white noise, match filter, and probability of error, coherent reception, correlation PSK, FSK non-coherent detection of FSK, differential PSK, QPSK, calculation of error probability for BPSK, BFSK and QPSK
Noise in Pulse Code and Delta modulation system, PCM transmission, calculation of quantization of noise, out put signal power effect of thermal noise, out signal to nose ratio in PCM, DM, quantization noise in DM, Out put signal power, DM otput-put, signal to quantization noise ratio, effect of thermal noise in delta modulation, output signal to noise ratio in DM,

Unit-III
Computer communication systems: Types of networks, design features of communication network, examples, TYMNET, ARPANET, ISDN, LAN,
Mobile radio and satellite- time division multiplex access (TDMA) frequency division multiplex access (FDMA) ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA, Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) Poisson distribution protocols,

 

Unit-IV
Microprocessor and Micro-computers: Microprocessor and architecture, Internal microprocessor architecture, real and protected mode of memory addressing, memory paging, Addressing modes, data addressing modes, programme memory addressing mode, stack memory addressing modes, instruction sets, data moment instruction, arithmetic and logic instruction, programme control instruction, assembler details.

Programming the microprocessor: Modular programming using the key board and video display, data conversion, disk files, example programmes.
Hardware specifications; Pin out and pin functions, clock generator (8284A) bus buffering and latching, Bus timings, ready and wait states, minimum mode versus and maximum mode, 

Unit-V
Memory devices: address decoding, 8088, 80188 (8 bit) memory interface 8086, 80186, 80286 and 80386 (16 bits) Memory interface-80386DX and 80486(32 bit) memory interface, Dynamic RAM, Basic I/O interface, Introduction to I/O interface, I/O port address decoding, 8255, 8279, 8254, 16550, ADC and DAC (Excluding multiplex displayed and key board display using 8255).
Interrupts: Basic interrupt processing, Hardware interrupt, expanding the interrupt structure, 8259A PIC.
Direct memory access: Basic DMA operations, 8237 DMA controller, Shared bus operation, Disk memory systems, Video display.

Text and Reference Books.

• Principles of communication systems : Taub and Schilling (2nd Edn THM, 1994)
• Communication systems : Simon Haykin (3rdEdn John Wiley & Sons)
• The Intel microprocessors 8086/80188, 80386, 80486, Pentium and Pentium pro processor architecture, programming and interfacing: Barry B. Brey (PHI 4th Edn, 1999)
• Microprocessor and interfacing, programming and hardware : Douglas V. Hall (2nd Edn, Mc Graw Hill International edn. 1992.)
• The 80x86 IBM PC compatible computers: Muhammad Ali Maxidi and J.G. Mazidi (2nd Edn. Prentice-Hall International)

M. Sc. -II (Physics)
Paper-XXIX (Optional)
Materials Science-I

Unit-I.
Equilibrium and Kinetics: Stability and metastability, Basic thermodynamic functions, Statistical nature of entropy, Kinetics of thermally activated process.
Phase diagrams: The phase rule, free energy composition diagram, correlation between free energy and phase diagram, calculation of phase boundaries, thermodynamics of solutions, single component system (water), two component system containing two phases and three phases, Binary phase diagrams having intermediate phases, Binary phase diagrams with eutectic system. Lever principle, maximum, minimum, super lattice, miscibility gap, microstructure changes during cooling, application to zone refining.

Unit - II
Phase transformations: Time scale for phase changes, peritectic reaction, eutectoide and eutectic transformations, order disorder transformation, transformation diagrams, dendritic structure in alloys, transformation on heating and cooling, grain size effect on rate of transformation at constant temperature and on continuous cooling, grain size effect on rate of transformation, nucleation kinetics, growth kinetics, interface kinetics leading to the crystal growth.
Diffusion in solids: Fick’s laws and their solutions, the Kirkendall effect, mechanism of diffusion, temperature dependence of diffusion co-efficient, self diffusion, interstitial diffusion, the Snoek effect in diffusion, diffusion in ionic crystals, diffusion path other than the crystal lattice, thermal vibrations and activation energy, diffusion of carbon in iron.

Unit- III 
Preparative methods: Solid State reaction, epitaxy, topotaxy, examples of solid state reactions, BaTiO3, Li4SiO4, YBa2Cu3O7, Na b/b’ alumina.
Sol-gel methods- synthesis of MgAl2O4 – synthesis of silica glass - spinning of alumina fibers -preparation of indium tin oxide (ITO) and other coating – Fabrication of YSZ ceramics – preparation of alumina based abrasives.
Use of homogeneous, single source precursors – Hydrothermal synthesis – Intercalation and deintercalation – vapor phase transport – Combustion synthesis – Crystal growth techniques – High pressure methods.
Film deposition techniques and processes: Introduction, vacuum systems – Evaporation – Molecular beam epitaxy – Sputter deposition – Chemical vapor deposition – Laser ablation – Electroplating.

Unit – IV 
Solid state characterization techniques: X-ray diffraction – Introduction – basic principles – experimental considerations – applications, structure determination, phase analysis, grain size analysis. Microscopic techniques – SEM, AFM and STEM.
Thermal analysis – Principle and applications of thermo-gravometric analysis – differential thermal analysis – differential scanning calorimetry.
Spectroscopic techniques – Photoacoustic spectroscopy – principle – instrumentation-applications.
Photoelectron spectroscopy – Instrumentation – solid state surface studies – surface charging and calibration problems – Valence energy level studies – UV photoelectron spectra – X-ray photoelectron spectra – Auger electron spectroscopy.
Special experimental techniques for characterization of nano-structure materials.

Unit - V
Disordered systems: Point defects, the geometry of dislocations, surface imperfections, Burger vector, tensile stress, strain curve, creep cure, plastic deformation by slip and twinning, shear strength of perfect crystals.
Shallow impurity states in semiconductors, localized lattice vibration states in solids, vacancies interstitials and color centers in ionic crystals.
Disorder in condensed matter: substitutional positional and topographical disorder, short and long-rage order, atomic correlation function and structural description of glasses and liquids.
Andersons model for random system and electron localization, mobility edge, qualitative application of the idea to the amorphous semiconductors and hopping conduction.

Reference and Text Books:

• Vanvellak: Materials Science.
• V. Raghvan: Materials Science,
• D. Kingery : Introduction to ceramics.
• R.E. Reedhil: Physical metallurgy.
• Martin Start Sharger: Introductory materials.
• Sinnot: Solid state for engineers.
• Kelly and Groves: Crystal and defects.
• Kittel: Solid state physics, Vth edition.  
• Introduction to solid state theory: Modelung